Exposure to secondary traumatic stress and its related factors among emergency nurses in Saudi Arabia: a mixed method study Article Swipe
Bushra Alshammari
,
Nada F Alanazi
,
Fatmah Kreedi
,
Farhan Alshammari
,
Sameer A. Alkubati
,
Awatif Alrasheeday
,
Norah Madkhali
,
Ammar Alshara
,
Venkat Bakthavatchaalam
,
Mahmoud Al‐Masaeed
,
Shaymaa Majeed Hamzah Al-Shammari
,
Nwair Kaied Alshammari
,
Mukhtar Ansari
,
Arshad Hussain
,
Ahmed K. Al-Sadi
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02018-4
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02018-4
Background Emergency department (ED) nurses are exposed to the risk of secondary traumatic stress (STS), which poses a threat not only to nurses’ health and psychological well-being but also adversely affects the execution of their professional duties. The quality and outcome of their nursing services are negatively affected by STS. Purpose The purpose of this study is to comprehensively investigate the prevalence and intensity of Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) among Emergency Department (ED) nurses. It aims to identify and analyze the socio-demographic, occupational, and psychological factors that influence the severity and variation of STS experienced by these nurses. Methods The study utilized a sequential explanatory mixed methods approach, including two phases. Phase 1 employed a cross-sectional study design, utilizing a convenience sample of 181 nurses to explore the levels of STS and the factors associated with it. Following this, Phase 2 was structured as a qualitative descriptive study, which involved conducting semi-structured interviews with a purposefully selected group of ten ED nurses. Data collection took place at three major hospitals in Saudi Arabia during the period from January to June 2022. Results A total of 181 participants were included in the study. The mean STSS score reported by the nurses was 51 (SD = 13.23) out of the maximum possible score of 85, indicating severe STS among ED nurses. Factors associated with an increase in the levels of STS among ED nurses included being female, older in age, married, possessing higher education and experience, having a positive relationship with colleagues, receiving organisational support, and dealing with a higher number of trauma cases. Several themes emerged from the qualitative interviews including: ED Characteristics: Dual Impact on STS, Emotional Resonance and Vulnerability, Personal Life Stressors, The Ability to Cope, and Social Support. Conclusion and implications for practice Future strategies and interventions targeting STS should be prioritized to effectively manage its impact on ED nurses. It is crucial to develop targeted interventions that address the specific factors contributing to STS, as identified in this study. Additionally, these findings aim to enhance awareness among nursing administrators, managers, and supervisors about the critical factors associated with STS. This awareness is essential for accurately assessing and developing interventions that mitigate STS among nursing staff.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02018-4
- https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12912-024-02018-4
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 20
- References
- 55
- Related Works
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- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4397028614
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4397028614Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02018-4Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Exposure to secondary traumatic stress and its related factors among emergency nurses in Saudi Arabia: a mixed method studyWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
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2024-05-18Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Bushra Alshammari, Nada F Alanazi, Fatmah Kreedi, Farhan Alshammari, Sameer A. Alkubati, Awatif Alrasheeday, Norah Madkhali, Ammar Alshara, Venkat Bakthavatchaalam, Mahmoud Al‐Masaeed, Shaymaa Majeed Hamzah Al-Shammari, Nwair Kaied Alshammari, Mukhtar Ansari, Arshad Hussain, Ahmed K. Al-SadiList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02018-4Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12912-024-02018-4Direct link to full text PDF
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12912-024-02018-4Direct OA link when available
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Medicine, Nursing research, Nursing management, Pain medicine, Stress (linguistics), Medical emergency, Nursing, Psychiatry, Anesthesiology, Philosophy, LinguisticsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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20Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 16, 2024: 4Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.should | 302 |
| abstract_inverted_index.staff. | 368 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stress | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study, | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study. | 192, 332 |
| abstract_inverted_index.themes | 264 |
| abstract_inverted_index.threat | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trauma | 261 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Ability | 285 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Factors | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.January | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Methods | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Purpose | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Results | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Several | 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.address | 321 |
| abstract_inverted_index.affects | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyze | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.crucial | 315 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dealing | 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.design, | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.develop | 317 |
| abstract_inverted_index.duties. | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emerged | 265 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enhance | 338 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explore | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exposed | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factors | 86, 134, 324, 349 |
| abstract_inverted_index.female, | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maximum | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methods | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nurses. | 74, 98, 162, 219, 312 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nursing | 44, 341, 367 |
| abstract_inverted_index.outcome | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phases. | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.purpose | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quality | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Personal | 281 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Support. | 290 |
| abstract_inverted_index.affected | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.critical | 348 |
| abstract_inverted_index.employed | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 335 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identify | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.included | 189, 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increase | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involved | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.married, | 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mitigate | 364 |
| abstract_inverted_index.positive | 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.possible | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.practice | 295 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reported | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.selected | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.services | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.severity | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specific | 323 |
| abstract_inverted_index.support, | 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.targeted | 318 |
| abstract_inverted_index.utilized | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Emergency | 2, 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Emotional | 277 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Following | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Resonance | 278 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Secondary | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Traumatic | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adversely | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approach, | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assessing | 359 |
| abstract_inverted_index.awareness | 339, 354 |
| abstract_inverted_index.education | 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.essential | 356 |
| abstract_inverted_index.execution | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hospitals | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.including | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.influence | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intensity | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.managers, | 343 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nurses’ | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.receiving | 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.secondary | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.targeting | 300 |
| abstract_inverted_index.traumatic | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.utilizing | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variation | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Background | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Conclusion | 291 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Department | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Stressors, | 283 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accurately | 358 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associated | 135, 221, 350 |
| abstract_inverted_index.collection | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducting | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.department | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.developing | 361 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identified | 329 |
| abstract_inverted_index.including: | 270 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicating | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interviews | 153, 269 |
| abstract_inverted_index.negatively | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.possessing | 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prevalence | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sequential | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strategies | 297 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structured | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well-being | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.colleagues, | 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.convenience | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.descriptive | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effectively | 306 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experience, | 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experienced | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explanatory | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigate | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prioritized | 304 |
| abstract_inverted_index.qualitative | 146, 268 |
| abstract_inverted_index.supervisors | 345 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contributing | 325 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implications | 293 |
| abstract_inverted_index.participants | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.professional | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.purposefully | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relationship | 248 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Additionally, | 333 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interventions | 299, 319, 362 |
| abstract_inverted_index.occupational, | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.psychological | 26, 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Vulnerability, | 280 |
| abstract_inverted_index.organisational | 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.administrators, | 342 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprehensively | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cross-sectional | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.semi-structured | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Characteristics: | 272 |
| abstract_inverted_index.socio-demographic, | 82 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 100 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 97 |
| countries_distinct_count | 6 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 15 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.99508326 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | True |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |