Figurative Archive: an open dataset and web-based application for the study of metaphor Article Swipe

PDF

Maddalena Bressler , Veronica Mangiaterra , Paolo Canal , Federico Frau , Fabrizio Luciani , Biagio Scalingi , Chiara Barattieri di San Pietro , Chiara Battaglini , Chiara Pompei , F. Romeo , Luca Bischetti , Valentina Bambini ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/38kju_v1

Research on metaphor has steadily increased over the last decades, as this phenomenon opens a window into a range of processes in language and cognition, from pragmatic inference to abstraction and embodied simulation. At the same time, the demand for rigorously constructed and extensively normed experimental materials increased as well. Here, we present the Figurative Archive, an open database of 997 metaphors in Italian enriched with rating and corpus-based measures (from familiarity to lexical frequency), derived by collecting stimuli used across 11 studies. It includes both everyday and literary metaphors, varying in structure and semantic domains. Dataset validation comprised correlations between familiarity and other measures. The Figurative Archive has several aspects of novelty: it is increased in size compared to previous resources; it includes a novel measure of inclusiveness, to comply with current recommendations for non-discriminatory language use; it is displayed in a web-based interface, with features for a flexible and customized consultation. We provide guidelines for using the Archive in future metaphor studies, in the spirit of open science.

Related Topics

Concepts

Literal and figurative language Metaphor Computer science World Wide Web Open source Web application Information retrieval Linguistics Software Programming language Philosophy

Metadata

Type: preprint
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/38kju_v1
PDF: https://osf.io/38kju_v1/download
OA Status: gold
Cited By: 1
Related Works: 10
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4408071141

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4408071141

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/38kju_v1

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Figurative Archive: an open dataset and web-based application for the study of metaphor

Work title
Type: preprint

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2025

Year of publication
Publication date: 2025-03-01

Full publication date if available
Authors: Maddalena Bressler, Veronica Mangiaterra, Paolo Canal, Federico Frau, Fabrizio Luciani, Biagio Scalingi, Chiara Barattieri di San Pietro, Chiara Battaglini, Chiara Pompei, F. Romeo, Luca Bischetti, Valentina Bambini

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/38kju_v1

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://osf.io/38kju_v1/download

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: gold

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://osf.io/38kju_v1/download

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Literal and figurative language, Metaphor, Computer science, World Wide Web, Open source, Web application, Information retrieval, Linguistics, Software, Programming language, Philosophy

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 1

Total citation count in OpenAlex
Citations by year (recent): 2025: 1

Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
Related works (count): 10

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4408071141
doi	https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/38kju_v1
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/38kju_v1
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4408071141
fwci	6.27620984
type	preprint
title	Figurative Archive: an open dataset and web-based application for the study of metaphor
biblio.issue
biblio.volume
biblio.last_page
biblio.first_page
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T11148
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/32
topics[0].field.display_name	Psychology
topics[0].score	0.9973999857902527
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/2
topics[0].domain.display_name	Social Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3205
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
topics[0].display_name	Language, Metaphor, and Cognition
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C46182478
concepts[0].level	2
concepts[0].score	0.8767934441566467
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7363315
concepts[0].display_name	Literal and figurative language
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C2778311575
concepts[1].level	2
concepts[1].score	0.8342357873916626
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534
concepts[1].display_name	Metaphor
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C41008148
concepts[2].level	0
concepts[2].score	0.6720351576805115
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198
concepts[2].display_name	Computer science
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C136764020
concepts[3].level	1
concepts[3].score	0.5854601860046387
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466
concepts[3].display_name	World Wide Web
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C3018397939
concepts[4].level	3
concepts[4].score	0.4462962746620178
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502
concepts[4].display_name	Open source
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C118643609
concepts[5].level	2
concepts[5].score	0.4134727716445923
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210
concepts[5].display_name	Web application
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C23123220
concepts[6].level	1
concepts[6].score	0.3279974162578583
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826
concepts[6].display_name	Information retrieval
concepts[7].id	https://openalex.org/C41895202
concepts[7].level	1
concepts[7].score	0.12957990169525146
concepts[7].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162
concepts[7].display_name	Linguistics
concepts[8].id	https://openalex.org/C2777904410
concepts[8].level	2
concepts[8].score	0.1080102026462555
concepts[8].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397
concepts[8].display_name	Software
concepts[9].id	https://openalex.org/C199360897
concepts[9].level	1
concepts[9].score	0.0969342291355133
concepts[9].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143
concepts[9].display_name	Programming language
concepts[10].id	https://openalex.org/C138885662
concepts[10].level	0
concepts[10].score	0.04629465937614441
concepts[10].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891
concepts[10].display_name	Philosophy
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/literal-and-figurative-language
keywords[0].score	0.8767934441566467
keywords[0].display_name	Literal and figurative language
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphor
keywords[1].score	0.8342357873916626
keywords[1].display_name	Metaphor
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science
keywords[2].score	0.6720351576805115
keywords[2].display_name	Computer science
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web
keywords[3].score	0.5854601860046387
keywords[3].display_name	World Wide Web
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source
keywords[4].score	0.4462962746620178
keywords[4].display_name	Open source
keywords[5].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application
keywords[5].score	0.4134727716445923
keywords[5].display_name	Web application
keywords[6].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval
keywords[6].score	0.3279974162578583
keywords[6].display_name	Information retrieval
keywords[7].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics
keywords[7].score	0.12957990169525146
keywords[7].display_name	Linguistics
keywords[8].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/software
keywords[8].score	0.1080102026462555
keywords[8].display_name	Software
keywords[9].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language
keywords[9].score	0.0969342291355133
keywords[9].display_name	Programming language
keywords[10].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy
keywords[10].score	0.04629465937614441
keywords[10].display_name	Philosophy
language	en
locations[0].id	doi:10.31234/osf.io/38kju_v1
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source
locations[0].license	cc-by
locations[0].pdf_url	https://osf.io/38kju_v1/download
locations[0].version	acceptedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	posted-content
locations[0].license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
locations[0].is_accepted	True
locations[0].is_published	False
locations[0].raw_source_name
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/38kju_v1
indexed_in	crossref
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5116469085
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4911-7822
authorships[0].author.display_name	Maddalena Bressler
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Maddalena Bressler
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5092447333
authorships[1].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7852-5259
authorships[1].author.display_name	Veronica Mangiaterra
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Veronica Mangiaterra
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5081427055
authorships[2].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6188-5656
authorships[2].author.display_name	Paolo Canal
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Paolo Canal
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5059111780
authorships[3].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4567-782X
authorships[3].author.display_name	Federico Frau
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Federico Frau
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5070570912
authorships[4].author.orcid
authorships[4].author.display_name	Fabrizio Luciani
authorships[4].author_position	middle
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Fabrizio Luciani
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
authorships[5].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5020552763
authorships[5].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4600-0404
authorships[5].author.display_name	Biagio Scalingi
authorships[5].author_position	middle
authorships[5].raw_author_name	Biagio Scalingi
authorships[5].is_corresponding	False
authorships[6].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5072401590
authorships[6].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4407-7037
authorships[6].author.display_name	Chiara Barattieri di San Pietro
authorships[6].author_position	middle
authorships[6].raw_author_name	Chiara Barattieri di San Pietro
authorships[6].is_corresponding	False
authorships[7].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5084371124
authorships[7].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5488-4612
authorships[7].author.display_name	Chiara Battaglini
authorships[7].author_position	middle
authorships[7].raw_author_name	Chiara Battaglini
authorships[7].is_corresponding	False
authorships[8].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5103154232
authorships[8].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-3947
authorships[8].author.display_name	Chiara Pompei
authorships[8].author_position	middle
authorships[8].raw_author_name	Chiara Pompei
authorships[8].is_corresponding	False
authorships[9].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5043795273
authorships[9].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1297-6065
authorships[9].author.display_name	F. Romeo
authorships[9].author_position	middle
authorships[9].raw_author_name	Fortunata Romeo
authorships[9].is_corresponding	False
authorships[10].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5081501145
authorships[10].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8875-1092
authorships[10].author.display_name	Luca Bischetti
authorships[10].author_position	middle
authorships[10].raw_author_name	Luca Bischetti
authorships[10].is_corresponding	False
authorships[11].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5031747764
authorships[11].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5770-228X
authorships[11].author.display_name	Valentina Bambini
authorships[11].author_position	last
authorships[11].raw_author_name	Valentina Bambini
authorships[11].is_corresponding	False
has_content.pdf	True
has_content.grobid_xml	False
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://osf.io/38kju_v1/download
open_access.oa_status	gold
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	Figurative Archive: an open dataset and web-based application for the study of metaphor
has_fulltext	False
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T11148
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/32
primary_topic.field.display_name	Psychology
primary_topic.score	0.9973999857902527
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/2
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Social Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3205
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
primary_topic.display_name	Language, Metaphor, and Cognition
related_works	https://openalex.org/W2386380193, https://openalex.org/W1593456883, https://openalex.org/W2369400006, https://openalex.org/W2380816171, https://openalex.org/W3143433749, https://openalex.org/W4376458480, https://openalex.org/W4390300014, https://openalex.org/W2914792514, https://openalex.org/W2048412262, https://openalex.org/W2613404575
cited_by_count	1
counts_by_year[0].year	2025
counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count	1
locations_count	1
best_oa_location.id	doi:10.31234/osf.io/38kju_v1
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source
best_oa_location.license	cc-by
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://osf.io/38kju_v1/download
best_oa_location.version	acceptedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	posted-content
best_oa_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
best_oa_location.is_accepted	True
best_oa_location.is_published	False
best_oa_location.raw_source_name
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/38kju_v1
primary_location.id	doi:10.31234/osf.io/38kju_v1
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source
primary_location.license	cc-by
primary_location.pdf_url	https://osf.io/38kju_v1/download
primary_location.version	acceptedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	posted-content
primary_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
primary_location.is_accepted	True
primary_location.is_published	False
primary_location.raw_source_name
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/38kju_v1
publication_date	2025-03-01
publication_year	2025
referenced_works_count	0
abstract_inverted_index.a	14, 17, 124, 142, 148
abstract_inverted_index.11	81
abstract_inverted_index.At	33
abstract_inverted_index.It	83
abstract_inverted_index.We	153
abstract_inverted_index.an	56
abstract_inverted_index.as	10, 48
abstract_inverted_index.by	76
abstract_inverted_index.in	21, 62, 91, 116, 141, 160, 164
abstract_inverted_index.is	114, 139
abstract_inverted_index.it	113, 122, 138
abstract_inverted_index.of	19, 59, 111, 127, 167
abstract_inverted_index.on	1
abstract_inverted_index.to	28, 72, 119, 129
abstract_inverted_index.we	51
abstract_inverted_index.997	60
abstract_inverted_index.The	105
abstract_inverted_index.and	23, 30, 42, 67, 87, 93, 102, 150
abstract_inverted_index.for	39, 134, 147, 156
abstract_inverted_index.has	3, 108
abstract_inverted_index.the	7, 34, 37, 53, 158, 165
abstract_inverted_index.both	85
abstract_inverted_index.from	25
abstract_inverted_index.into	16
abstract_inverted_index.last	8
abstract_inverted_index.open	57, 168
abstract_inverted_index.over	6
abstract_inverted_index.same	35
abstract_inverted_index.size	117
abstract_inverted_index.this	11
abstract_inverted_index.use;	137
abstract_inverted_index.used	79
abstract_inverted_index.with	65, 131, 145
abstract_inverted_index.(from	70
abstract_inverted_index.Here,	50
abstract_inverted_index.novel	125
abstract_inverted_index.opens	13
abstract_inverted_index.other	103
abstract_inverted_index.range	18
abstract_inverted_index.time,	36
abstract_inverted_index.using	157
abstract_inverted_index.well.	49
abstract_inverted_index.across	80
abstract_inverted_index.comply	130
abstract_inverted_index.demand	38
abstract_inverted_index.future	161
abstract_inverted_index.normed	44
abstract_inverted_index.rating	66
abstract_inverted_index.spirit	166
abstract_inverted_index.window	15
abstract_inverted_index.Archive	107, 159
abstract_inverted_index.Dataset	96
abstract_inverted_index.Italian	63
abstract_inverted_index.aspects	110
abstract_inverted_index.between	100
abstract_inverted_index.current	132
abstract_inverted_index.derived	75
abstract_inverted_index.lexical	73
abstract_inverted_index.measure	126
abstract_inverted_index.present	52
abstract_inverted_index.provide	154
abstract_inverted_index.several	109
abstract_inverted_index.stimuli	78
abstract_inverted_index.varying	90
abstract_inverted_index.Archive,	55
abstract_inverted_index.Research	0
abstract_inverted_index.compared	118
abstract_inverted_index.database	58
abstract_inverted_index.decades,	9
abstract_inverted_index.domains.	95
abstract_inverted_index.embodied	31
abstract_inverted_index.enriched	64
abstract_inverted_index.everyday	86
abstract_inverted_index.features	146
abstract_inverted_index.flexible	149
abstract_inverted_index.includes	84, 123
abstract_inverted_index.language	22, 136
abstract_inverted_index.literary	88
abstract_inverted_index.measures	69
abstract_inverted_index.metaphor	2, 162
abstract_inverted_index.novelty:	112
abstract_inverted_index.previous	120
abstract_inverted_index.science.	169
abstract_inverted_index.semantic	94
abstract_inverted_index.steadily	4
abstract_inverted_index.studies,	163
abstract_inverted_index.studies.	82
abstract_inverted_index.comprised	98
abstract_inverted_index.displayed	140
abstract_inverted_index.increased	5, 47, 115
abstract_inverted_index.inference	27
abstract_inverted_index.materials	46
abstract_inverted_index.measures.	104
abstract_inverted_index.metaphors	61
abstract_inverted_index.pragmatic	26
abstract_inverted_index.processes	20
abstract_inverted_index.structure	92
abstract_inverted_index.web-based	143
abstract_inverted_index.Figurative	54, 106
abstract_inverted_index.cognition,	24
abstract_inverted_index.collecting	77
abstract_inverted_index.customized	151
abstract_inverted_index.guidelines	155
abstract_inverted_index.interface,	144
abstract_inverted_index.metaphors,	89
abstract_inverted_index.phenomenon	12
abstract_inverted_index.resources;	121
abstract_inverted_index.rigorously	40
abstract_inverted_index.validation	97
abstract_inverted_index.abstraction	29
abstract_inverted_index.constructed	41
abstract_inverted_index.extensively	43
abstract_inverted_index.familiarity	71, 101
abstract_inverted_index.frequency),	74
abstract_inverted_index.simulation.	32
abstract_inverted_index.corpus-based	68
abstract_inverted_index.correlations	99
abstract_inverted_index.experimental	45
abstract_inverted_index.consultation.	152
abstract_inverted_index.inclusiveness,	128
abstract_inverted_index.recommendations	133
abstract_inverted_index.non-discriminatory	135
cited_by_percentile_year.max	95
cited_by_percentile_year.min	91
countries_distinct_count	0
institutions_distinct_count	12
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.87085151
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	True