FPGA-Based High-Frequency Digital Pulse Width Modulator Architecture for DC-DC Converters Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2016
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/cs.2016.74039
Digital pulse width modulator is an integral part in digitally controlled Direct Current to Direct Current (DC-DC) converter utilized in modern portable devices. This paper presents a new Digital Pulse Width Modulator (DPWM) architecture for DC-DC converter using mealy finite state machine with gray code encoding scheme and one hot encoding method to derive the variable duty cycle Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal without varying the clock frequency. To verify the proposed DPWM technique, the architecture with control input of six, five and four bits are implemented and the maximum operating frequency along with power consumption results is obtained for different Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices. The post layout timing results are presented showing that architecture can work with maximum frequency of 326 MHz and derive PWM signal of 3.59 MHz. Experimental results show the implementation of the proposed architecture in low-cost FPGA (Spartan 3A) with on-board oscillator clock frequency of 12 MHz which is multiplied internally by two with Digital Clock Manager (DCM) and derive the PWM signal of 1.5 MHz with a time resolution of 1 ps.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.4236/cs.2016.74039
- http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=66152
- OA Status
- diamond
- Cited By
- 3
- References
- 11
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W2345294675
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W2345294675Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.4236/cs.2016.74039Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
FPGA-Based High-Frequency Digital Pulse Width Modulator Architecture for DC-DC ConvertersWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2016Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2016-01-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
V. Radhika, K. BaskaranList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.4236/cs.2016.74039Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=66152Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
diamondOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=66152Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Pulse-width modulation, Field-programmable gate array, Duty cycle, Clock rate, Electronic engineering, Gate array, Converters, Engineering, Modulation (music), Computer science, Electrical engineering, Computer hardware, Physics, Voltage, CMOS, AcousticsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
3Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 1, 2019: 1, 2017: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
11Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W2345294675 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.4236/cs.2016.74039 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.4236/cs.2016.74039 |
| ids.mag | 2345294675 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W2345294675 |
| fwci | 0.31904403 |
| type | article |
| title | FPGA-Based High-Frequency Digital Pulse Width Modulator Architecture for DC-DC Converters |
| biblio.issue | 04 |
| biblio.volume | 07 |
| biblio.last_page | 474 |
| biblio.first_page | 464 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10175 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9988999962806702 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Advanced DC-DC Converters |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11417 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9958999752998352 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10228 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9947999715805054 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Multilevel Inverters and Converters |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C92746544 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8216174840927124 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Pulse-width modulation |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C42935608 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6397931575775146 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Field-programmable gate array |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C199822604 |
| concepts[2].level | 3 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6207320690155029 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557120 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Duty cycle |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C178693496 |
| concepts[3].level | 3 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5981764793395996 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911691 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Clock rate |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C24326235 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.571728527545929 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Electronic engineering |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C114237110 |
| concepts[5].level | 3 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.47446900606155396 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Gate array |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C2778422915 |
| concepts[6].level | 3 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4668140411376953 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Converters |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[7].level | 0 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.43725693225860596 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C123079801 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4281960427761078 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Modulation (music) |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[9].level | 0 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.42241668701171875 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C119599485 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.3735191524028778 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C9390403 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.2815226912498474 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Computer hardware |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[12].level | 0 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.20774629712104797 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C165801399 |
| concepts[13].level | 2 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.18842020630836487 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Voltage |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C46362747 |
| concepts[14].level | 2 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.11635085940361023 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431 |
| concepts[14].display_name | CMOS |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C24890656 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Acoustics |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8216174840927124 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Pulse-width modulation |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6397931575775146 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Field-programmable gate array |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/duty-cycle |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6207320690155029 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Duty cycle |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-rate |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5981764793395996 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Clock rate |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering |
| keywords[4].score | 0.571728527545929 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Electronic engineering |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/gate-array |
| keywords[5].score | 0.47446900606155396 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Gate array |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/converters |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4668140411376953 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Converters |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[7].score | 0.43725693225860596 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4281960427761078 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Modulation (music) |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[9].score | 0.42241668701171875 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering |
| keywords[10].score | 0.3735191524028778 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware |
| keywords[11].score | 0.2815226912498474 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Computer hardware |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[12].score | 0.20774629712104797 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage |
| keywords[13].score | 0.18842020630836487 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Voltage |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos |
| keywords[14].score | 0.11635085940361023 |
| keywords[14].display_name | CMOS |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.4236/cs.2016.74039 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S12664043 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2153-1285, 2153-1293 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2153-1285 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Circuits and Systems |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320480 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Scientific Research Publishing |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320480 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Scientific Research Publishing |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=66152 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Circuits and Systems |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.4236/cs.2016.74039 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5082907988 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | V. Radhika |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, India |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | V. Radhika |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, India |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5001401416 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | K. Baskaran |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India |
| authorships[1].author_position | last |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | K. Baskaran |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=66152 |
| open_access.oa_status | diamond |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | FPGA-Based High-Frequency Digital Pulse Width Modulator Architecture for DC-DC Converters |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10175 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9988999962806702 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Advanced DC-DC Converters |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W631083485, https://openalex.org/W4313452936, https://openalex.org/W1918404916, https://openalex.org/W2943183667, https://openalex.org/W4301864333, https://openalex.org/W2392249189, https://openalex.org/W2036463713, https://openalex.org/W1598069005, https://openalex.org/W1966542596, https://openalex.org/W4311412447 |
| cited_by_count | 3 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2019 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2017 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 1 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.4236/cs.2016.74039 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S12664043 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2153-1285, 2153-1293 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2153-1285 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Circuits and Systems |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320480 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Scientific Research Publishing |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320480 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Scientific Research Publishing |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=66152 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Circuits and Systems |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.4236/cs.2016.74039 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.4236/cs.2016.74039 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S12664043 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2153-1285, 2153-1293 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2153-1285 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Circuits and Systems |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320480 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Scientific Research Publishing |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320480 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Scientific Research Publishing |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=66152 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Circuits and Systems |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.4236/cs.2016.74039 |
| publication_date | 2016-01-01 |
| publication_year | 2016 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2153717200, https://openalex.org/W2103285989, https://openalex.org/W1972684518, https://openalex.org/W2087693214, https://openalex.org/W2009135230, https://openalex.org/W1840000623, https://openalex.org/W2153302213, https://openalex.org/W2102330273, https://openalex.org/W2063197851, https://openalex.org/W2020879863, https://openalex.org/W2103553287 |
| referenced_works_count | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1 | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 26, 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.12 | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.To | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 8, 19, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 4, 97, 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 79, 122, 129, 137, 151, 170, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 13, 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.5 | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.326 | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3A) | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MHz | 124, 153, 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.PWM | 127, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 47, 82, 87, 125, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 85, 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 34, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hot | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.new | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.one | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ps. | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 54, 65, 70, 74, 88, 135, 138, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3.59 | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.DPWM | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.FPGA | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Gate | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MHz. | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bits | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.code | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.duty | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.five | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.four | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gray | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.part | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.post | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.six, | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 42, 76, 93, 119, 146, 160, 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(DCM) | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PWM) | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Array | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Clock | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.DC-DC | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Field | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Pulse | 29, 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Width | 30, 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.along | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clock | 66, 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cycle | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.input | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mealy | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.power | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pulse | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.state | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.width | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(DPWM) | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(FPGA) | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Direct | 11, 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.derive | 53, 126, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.finite | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.layout | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.method | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modern | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scheme | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.signal | 62, 128, 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.timing | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.verify | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(DC-DC) | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Current | 12, 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Digital | 0, 28, 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Manager | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.control | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.machine | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maximum | 89, 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 96, 111, 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.showing | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.varying | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.without | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(Spartan | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.devices. | 22, 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.encoding | 45, 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.integral | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low-cost | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.obtained | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on-board | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.portable | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presents | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed | 71, 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.utilized | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variable | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Modulator | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.converter | 17, 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.digitally | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.frequency | 91, 121, 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modulator | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operating | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presented | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Modulation | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.controlled | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.frequency. | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.internally | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multiplied | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.oscillator | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resolution | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technique, | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consumption | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implemented | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Experimental | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Programmable | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.architecture | 33, 75, 116, 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implementation | 136 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 95 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 90 |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 2 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8600000143051147 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Affordable and clean energy |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.65458703 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |