Galaxy mass modelling from multiwavelength JWST strong lens analysis: dark matter substructure, angular mass complexity, or both? Article Swipe

PDF

Samuel Lange , Aristeidis Amvrosiadis , J.W Nightingale , Qiuhan He , Carlos S. Frenk , Andrew Robertson , Shaun Cole , R. Massey , Xiaoyue Cao , Ran Li , Kaiying Wang ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf491

We analyse two galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses, SPT0418-47 and SPT2147-50, using JWST NIRCam imaging across multiple filters. To account for angular complexity in the lens mass distribution, we introduce multipole perturbations with orders $m=1, 3, 4$. Our results show strong evidence for angular mass complexity in SPT2147, with multipole strengths of 0.3–1.7 per cent for $m=3, 4$ and 2.4–9.5 per cent for $m=1$, while SPT0418 shows no such preference. We also test lens models that include a dark matter substructure, finding a strong preference for a substructure in SPT2147-50 with a Bayes factor of $\Delta {\rm log}( { { {\varepsilon }}})$$\sim 60$ when multipoles are not included. Including multipoles reduces the Bayes factor to $\Delta {\rm log}( { { {\varepsilon }}})$$\sim 11$, still corresponding to a $5\sigma$ detection of a subhalo with an NFW (Navarro–Frenk–White) mass of $\log _{10}(M_{200}/{\rm M}_{\odot }) = 10.87^{+0.53}_{-0.71}$. While SPT2147-50 may represent the fourth detection of a dark matter substructure in a strong lens, further analysis is needed to confirm that the signal is not due to systematics associated with the lens mass model.

Related Topics

Structural Engineering

Engineering

Concepts

Physics Substructure Astrophysics Dark matter Galaxy Astronomy Structural engineering Engineering

Metadata

Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf491
PDF: https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/staf491/62807356/staf491.pdf
OA Status: gold
Cited By: 7
References: 97
Related Works: 10
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4409024208

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4409024208

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf491

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Galaxy mass modelling from multiwavelength JWST strong lens analysis: dark matter substructure, angular mass complexity, or both?

Work title
Type: article

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2025

Year of publication
Publication date: 2025-03-28

Full publication date if available
Authors: Samuel Lange, Aristeidis Amvrosiadis, J.W Nightingale, Qiuhan He, Carlos S. Frenk, Andrew Robertson, Shaun Cole, R. Massey, Xiaoyue Cao, Ran Li, Kaiying Wang

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf491

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/staf491/62807356/staf491.pdf

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: gold

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/staf491/62807356/staf491.pdf

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Physics, Substructure, Astrophysics, Dark matter, Galaxy, Astronomy, Structural engineering, Engineering

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 7

Total citation count in OpenAlex
Citations by year (recent): 2025: 7

Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
References (count): 97

Number of works referenced by this work
Related works (count): 10

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4409024208
doi	https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf491
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf491
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4409024208
fwci	24.10918125
type	article
title	Galaxy mass modelling from multiwavelength JWST strong lens analysis: dark matter substructure, angular mass complexity, or both?
biblio.issue	2
biblio.volume	539
biblio.last_page	726
biblio.first_page	704
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T12917
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/31
topics[0].field.display_name	Physics and Astronomy
topics[0].score	0.9968000054359436
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[0].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3105
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Instrumentation
topics[0].display_name	Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T11484
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/31
topics[1].field.display_name	Physics and Astronomy
topics[1].score	0.9919000267982483
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[1].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3107
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
topics[1].display_name	Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing
topics[2].id	https://openalex.org/T10039
topics[2].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/31
topics[2].field.display_name	Physics and Astronomy
topics[2].score	0.9836000204086304
topics[2].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[2].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[2].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3103
topics[2].subfield.display_name	Astronomy and Astrophysics
topics[2].display_name	Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
is_xpac	False
apc_list.value	2310
apc_list.currency	GBP
apc_list.value_usd	2833
apc_paid.value	2310
apc_paid.currency	GBP
apc_paid.value_usd	2833
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C121332964
concepts[0].level	0
concepts[0].score	0.9525572061538696
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413
concepts[0].display_name	Physics
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C99679407
concepts[1].level	2
concepts[1].score	0.7528221607208252
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56761637
concepts[1].display_name	Substructure
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C44870925
concepts[2].level	1
concepts[2].score	0.617817759513855
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547
concepts[2].display_name	Astrophysics
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C159249277
concepts[3].level	2
concepts[3].score	0.614048957824707
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79925
concepts[3].display_name	Dark matter
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C98444146
concepts[4].level	2
concepts[4].score	0.5130535364151001
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318
concepts[4].display_name	Galaxy
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C1276947
concepts[5].level	1
concepts[5].score	0.45105281472206116
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333
concepts[5].display_name	Astronomy
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C66938386
concepts[6].level	1
concepts[6].score	0.0
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538
concepts[6].display_name	Structural engineering
concepts[7].id	https://openalex.org/C127413603
concepts[7].level	0
concepts[7].score	0.0
concepts[7].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023
concepts[7].display_name	Engineering
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/physics
keywords[0].score	0.9525572061538696
keywords[0].display_name	Physics
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/substructure
keywords[1].score	0.7528221607208252
keywords[1].display_name	Substructure
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/astrophysics
keywords[2].score	0.617817759513855
keywords[2].display_name	Astrophysics
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/dark-matter
keywords[3].score	0.614048957824707
keywords[3].display_name	Dark matter
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy
keywords[4].score	0.5130535364151001
keywords[4].display_name	Galaxy
keywords[5].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy
keywords[5].score	0.45105281472206116
keywords[5].display_name	Astronomy
language	en
locations[0].id	doi:10.1093/mnras/staf491
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source.id	https://openalex.org/S195663288
locations[0].source.issn	0035-8711, 1365-2966, 1365-8711
locations[0].source.type	journal
locations[0].source.is_oa	True
locations[0].source.issn_l	0035-8711
locations[0].source.is_core	True
locations[0].source.is_in_doaj	True
locations[0].source.display_name	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
locations[0].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310311648
locations[0].source.host_organization_name	Oxford University Press
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310311648, https://openalex.org/P4310311647
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names	Oxford University Press, University of Oxford
locations[0].license	cc-by
locations[0].pdf_url	https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/staf491/62807356/staf491.pdf
locations[0].version	publishedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	journal-article
locations[0].license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
locations[0].is_accepted	True
locations[0].is_published	True
locations[0].raw_source_name	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf491
indexed_in	crossref, doaj
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5003188882
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0679-818X
authorships[0].author.display_name	Samuel Lange
authorships[0].countries	GB
authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[0].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[0].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/01v29qb04
authorships[0].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code	GB
authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name	Durham University
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Samuel C Lange
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings	Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5081222224
authorships[1].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-1564
authorships[1].author.display_name	Aristeidis Amvrosiadis
authorships[1].countries	GB
authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[1].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[1].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/01v29qb04
authorships[1].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code	GB
authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name	Durham University
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Aristeidis Amvrosiadis
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings	Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5035769120
authorships[2].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8987-7401
authorships[2].author.display_name	J.W Nightingale
authorships[2].countries	GB
authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I84884186
authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
authorships[2].affiliations[1].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[2].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string	Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[2].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[2].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/01v29qb04
authorships[2].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code	GB
authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name	Durham University
authorships[2].institutions[1].id	https://openalex.org/I84884186
authorships[2].institutions[1].ror	https://ror.org/01kj2bm70
authorships[2].institutions[1].type	education
authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage	https://openalex.org/I84884186
authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code	GB
authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name	Newcastle University
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	James W Nightingale
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings	Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5000121731
authorships[3].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3672-9365
authorships[3].author.display_name	Qiuhan He
authorships[3].countries	GB
authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[3].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[3].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/01v29qb04
authorships[3].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code	GB
authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name	Durham University
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Qiuhan He
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings	Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[4].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5032994273
authorships[4].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2338-716X
authorships[4].author.display_name	Carlos S. Frenk
authorships[4].countries	GB
authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[4].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[4].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/01v29qb04
authorships[4].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code	GB
authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name	Durham University
authorships[4].author_position	middle
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Carlos S Frenk
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings	Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[5].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5018614093
authorships[5].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0086-0524
authorships[5].author.display_name	Andrew Robertson
authorships[5].countries	US
authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I196817621, https://openalex.org/I4210124388
authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Observatories, Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
authorships[5].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I196817621
authorships[5].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/04jr01610
authorships[5].institutions[0].type	nonprofit
authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I196817621
authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name	Carnegie Institution for Science
authorships[5].institutions[1].id	https://openalex.org/I4210124388
authorships[5].institutions[1].ror	https://ror.org/03h4zjr91
authorships[5].institutions[1].type	facility
authorships[5].institutions[1].lineage	https://openalex.org/I196817621, https://openalex.org/I4210124388
authorships[5].institutions[1].country_code	US
authorships[5].institutions[1].display_name	Carnegie Observatories
authorships[5].author_position	middle
authorships[5].raw_author_name	Andrew Robertson
authorships[5].is_corresponding	False
authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings	Observatories, Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
authorships[6].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5045427366
authorships[6].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-7903
authorships[6].author.display_name	Shaun Cole
authorships[6].countries	GB
authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[6].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[6].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/01v29qb04
authorships[6].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code	GB
authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name	Durham University
authorships[6].author_position	middle
authorships[6].raw_author_name	Shaun Cole
authorships[6].is_corresponding	False
authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings	Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[7].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5029979157
authorships[7].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6085-3780
authorships[7].author.display_name	R. Massey
authorships[7].countries	GB
authorships[7].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[7].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[7].affiliations[1].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[7].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string	Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[7].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[7].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/01v29qb04
authorships[7].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[7].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I190082696
authorships[7].institutions[0].country_code	GB
authorships[7].institutions[0].display_name	Durham University
authorships[7].author_position	middle
authorships[7].raw_author_name	Richard Massey
authorships[7].is_corresponding	False
authorships[7].raw_affiliation_strings	Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
authorships[8].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5057489247
authorships[8].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4988-9296
authorships[8].author.display_name	Xiaoyue Cao
authorships[8].countries	CN
authorships[8].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210164580
authorships[8].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
authorships[8].affiliations[1].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210165038
authorships[8].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string	School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
authorships[8].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I19820366
authorships[8].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/034t30j35
authorships[8].institutions[0].type	government
authorships[8].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I19820366
authorships[8].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[8].institutions[0].display_name	Chinese Academy of Sciences
authorships[8].institutions[1].id	https://openalex.org/I4210164580
authorships[8].institutions[1].ror	https://ror.org/058pyyv44
authorships[8].institutions[1].type	facility
authorships[8].institutions[1].lineage	https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210164580
authorships[8].institutions[1].country_code	CN
authorships[8].institutions[1].display_name	National Astronomical Observatories
authorships[8].institutions[2].id	https://openalex.org/I4210165038
authorships[8].institutions[2].ror	https://ror.org/05qbk4x57
authorships[8].institutions[2].type	education
authorships[8].institutions[2].lineage	https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210165038
authorships[8].institutions[2].country_code	CN
authorships[8].institutions[2].display_name	University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
authorships[8].author_position	middle
authorships[8].raw_author_name	Xiaoyue Cao
authorships[8].is_corresponding	False
authorships[8].raw_affiliation_strings	National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China, School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
authorships[9].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5100428101
authorships[9].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3899-0612
authorships[9].author.display_name	Ran Li
authorships[9].countries	CN
authorships[9].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210165038
authorships[9].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
authorships[9].affiliations[1].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210164580
authorships[9].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string	National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
authorships[9].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I19820366
authorships[9].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/034t30j35
authorships[9].institutions[0].type	government
authorships[9].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I19820366
authorships[9].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[9].institutions[0].display_name	Chinese Academy of Sciences
authorships[9].institutions[1].id	https://openalex.org/I4210164580
authorships[9].institutions[1].ror	https://ror.org/058pyyv44
authorships[9].institutions[1].type	facility
authorships[9].institutions[1].lineage	https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210164580
authorships[9].institutions[1].country_code	CN
authorships[9].institutions[1].display_name	National Astronomical Observatories
authorships[9].institutions[2].id	https://openalex.org/I4210165038
authorships[9].institutions[2].ror	https://ror.org/05qbk4x57
authorships[9].institutions[2].type	education
authorships[9].institutions[2].lineage	https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210165038
authorships[9].institutions[2].country_code	CN
authorships[9].institutions[2].display_name	University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
authorships[9].author_position	middle
authorships[9].raw_author_name	Ran Li
authorships[9].is_corresponding	False
authorships[9].raw_affiliation_strings	National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China, School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
authorships[10].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5038799334
authorships[10].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-9471
authorships[10].author.display_name	Kaiying Wang
authorships[10].countries	CN
authorships[10].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210165038
authorships[10].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
authorships[10].affiliations[1].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210164580
authorships[10].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string	National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
authorships[10].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I19820366
authorships[10].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/034t30j35
authorships[10].institutions[0].type	government
authorships[10].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I19820366
authorships[10].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[10].institutions[0].display_name	Chinese Academy of Sciences
authorships[10].institutions[1].id	https://openalex.org/I4210164580
authorships[10].institutions[1].ror	https://ror.org/058pyyv44
authorships[10].institutions[1].type	facility
authorships[10].institutions[1].lineage	https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210164580
authorships[10].institutions[1].country_code	CN
authorships[10].institutions[1].display_name	National Astronomical Observatories
authorships[10].institutions[2].id	https://openalex.org/I4210165038
authorships[10].institutions[2].ror	https://ror.org/05qbk4x57
authorships[10].institutions[2].type	education
authorships[10].institutions[2].lineage	https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210165038
authorships[10].institutions[2].country_code	CN
authorships[10].institutions[2].display_name	University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
authorships[10].author_position	last
authorships[10].raw_author_name	Kaihao Wang
authorships[10].is_corresponding	False
authorships[10].raw_affiliation_strings	National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China, School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
has_content.pdf	True
has_content.grobid_xml	False
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/staf491/62807356/staf491.pdf
open_access.oa_status	gold
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	Galaxy mass modelling from multiwavelength JWST strong lens analysis: dark matter substructure, angular mass complexity, or both?
has_fulltext	False
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T12917
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/31
primary_topic.field.display_name	Physics and Astronomy
primary_topic.score	0.9968000054359436
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3105
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Instrumentation
primary_topic.display_name	Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
related_works	https://openalex.org/W2748952813, https://openalex.org/W3153444835, https://openalex.org/W2153916713, https://openalex.org/W2023846184, https://openalex.org/W2703419385, https://openalex.org/W2329056228, https://openalex.org/W4404409304, https://openalex.org/W4394637313, https://openalex.org/W1968347830, https://openalex.org/W2016259039
cited_by_count	7
counts_by_year[0].year	2025
counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count	7
locations_count	1
best_oa_location.id	doi:10.1093/mnras/staf491
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S195663288
best_oa_location.source.issn	0035-8711, 1365-2966, 1365-8711
best_oa_location.source.type	journal
best_oa_location.source.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.issn_l	0035-8711
best_oa_location.source.is_core	True
best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj	True
best_oa_location.source.display_name	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
best_oa_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310311648
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name	Oxford University Press
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310311648, https://openalex.org/P4310311647
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names	Oxford University Press, University of Oxford
best_oa_location.license	cc-by
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/staf491/62807356/staf491.pdf
best_oa_location.version	publishedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	journal-article
best_oa_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
best_oa_location.is_accepted	True
best_oa_location.is_published	True
best_oa_location.raw_source_name	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf491
primary_location.id	doi:10.1093/mnras/staf491
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S195663288
primary_location.source.issn	0035-8711, 1365-2966, 1365-8711
primary_location.source.type	journal
primary_location.source.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.issn_l	0035-8711
primary_location.source.is_core	True
primary_location.source.is_in_doaj	True
primary_location.source.display_name	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
primary_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310311648
primary_location.source.host_organization_name	Oxford University Press
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310311648, https://openalex.org/P4310311647
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names	Oxford University Press, University of Oxford
primary_location.license	cc-by
primary_location.pdf_url	https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/staf491/62807356/staf491.pdf
primary_location.version	publishedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	journal-article
primary_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
primary_location.is_accepted	True
primary_location.is_published	True
primary_location.raw_source_name	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf491
publication_date	2025-03-28
publication_year	2025
referenced_works	https://openalex.org/W4288079944, https://openalex.org/W4206596535, https://openalex.org/W4402346167, https://openalex.org/W4406307701, https://openalex.org/W2135625048, https://openalex.org/W4392073937, https://openalex.org/W4401851624, https://openalex.org/W2083451157, https://openalex.org/W4385210294, https://openalex.org/W2076707509, https://openalex.org/W3208587647, https://openalex.org/W2146896409, https://openalex.org/W2284177024, https://openalex.org/W2772961215, https://openalex.org/W4396860255, https://openalex.org/W2040102514, https://openalex.org/W4396833484, https://openalex.org/W2032469582, https://openalex.org/W2766127763, https://openalex.org/W4205145125, https://openalex.org/W4406058789, https://openalex.org/W2016527243, https://openalex.org/W2771573390, https://openalex.org/W4387773400, https://openalex.org/W3176696166, https://openalex.org/W4404407811, https://openalex.org/W4297875240, https://openalex.org/W4323349620, https://openalex.org/W4399322435, https://openalex.org/W2413988422, https://openalex.org/W2111438709, https://openalex.org/W2003639844, https://openalex.org/W1973787491, https://openalex.org/W2058543060, https://openalex.org/W4401041003, https://openalex.org/W2999395374, https://openalex.org/W2094454879, https://openalex.org/W4226289710, https://openalex.org/W4297977890, https://openalex.org/W4400177005, https://openalex.org/W2230763664, https://openalex.org/W2011301426, https://openalex.org/W4403427890, https://openalex.org/W2034354396, https://openalex.org/W2245493112, https://openalex.org/W4385852790, https://openalex.org/W2212572973, https://openalex.org/W1995924203, https://openalex.org/W2248193482, https://openalex.org/W1973550795, https://openalex.org/W4392367131, https://openalex.org/W3109372197, https://openalex.org/W3189068450, https://openalex.org/W2783515600, https://openalex.org/W2149295346, https://openalex.org/W2060003036, https://openalex.org/W3198884107, https://openalex.org/W4402706318, https://openalex.org/W2266884756, https://openalex.org/W2594344447, https://openalex.org/W2911386768, https://openalex.org/W3127922361, https://openalex.org/W3130793405, https://openalex.org/W4318253626, https://openalex.org/W4361201305, https://openalex.org/W4389350858, https://openalex.org/W4390928608, https://openalex.org/W4323046258, https://openalex.org/W2018112063, https://openalex.org/W4321199649, https://openalex.org/W4292875581, https://openalex.org/W2027297109, https://openalex.org/W2472962860, https://openalex.org/W4293434492, https://openalex.org/W2888532099, https://openalex.org/W3037219258, https://openalex.org/W4405829405, https://openalex.org/W2900087080, https://openalex.org/W2141709306, https://openalex.org/W2135403967, https://openalex.org/W4392678066, https://openalex.org/W2162793637, https://openalex.org/W1583173597, https://openalex.org/W2018122323, https://openalex.org/W2612559938, https://openalex.org/W2112820452, https://openalex.org/W2166153853, https://openalex.org/W2052333057, https://openalex.org/W4401108601, https://openalex.org/W2150480596, https://openalex.org/W2020266225, https://openalex.org/W3003257820, https://openalex.org/W2015159529, https://openalex.org/W2168609373, https://openalex.org/W2136002115, https://openalex.org/W2976974785, https://openalex.org/W2146292423
referenced_works_count	97
abstract_inverted_index.=	142
abstract_inverted_index.a	77, 82, 86, 91, 126, 130, 152, 157
abstract_inverted_index.{	98, 99, 118, 119
abstract_inverted_index.3,	35
abstract_inverted_index.4$	57
abstract_inverted_index.To	18
abstract_inverted_index.We	1, 70
abstract_inverted_index.an	133
abstract_inverted_index.in	23, 46, 88, 156
abstract_inverted_index.is	162, 169
abstract_inverted_index.no	67
abstract_inverted_index.of	51, 94, 129, 137, 151
abstract_inverted_index.to	114, 125, 164, 172
abstract_inverted_index.we	28
abstract_inverted_index.})	141
abstract_inverted_index.4$.	36
abstract_inverted_index.60$	102
abstract_inverted_index.NFW	134
abstract_inverted_index.Our	37
abstract_inverted_index.and	9, 58
abstract_inverted_index.are	105
abstract_inverted_index.due	171
abstract_inverted_index.for	20, 42, 55, 62, 85
abstract_inverted_index.may	146
abstract_inverted_index.not	106, 170
abstract_inverted_index.per	53, 60
abstract_inverted_index.the	24, 111, 148, 167, 176
abstract_inverted_index.two	3
abstract_inverted_index.11$,	122
abstract_inverted_index.JWST	12
abstract_inverted_index.also	71
abstract_inverted_index.cent	54, 61
abstract_inverted_index.dark	78, 153
abstract_inverted_index.lens	25, 73, 177
abstract_inverted_index.mass	26, 44, 136, 178
abstract_inverted_index.show	39
abstract_inverted_index.such	68
abstract_inverted_index.test	72
abstract_inverted_index.that	75, 166
abstract_inverted_index.when	103
abstract_inverted_index.with	32, 48, 90, 132, 175
abstract_inverted_index.{\rm	96, 116
abstract_inverted_index.$\log	138
abstract_inverted_index.$m=1,	34
abstract_inverted_index.$m=3,	56
abstract_inverted_index.Bayes	92, 112
abstract_inverted_index.While	144
abstract_inverted_index.lens,	159
abstract_inverted_index.log}(	97, 117
abstract_inverted_index.shows	66
abstract_inverted_index.still	123
abstract_inverted_index.using	11
abstract_inverted_index.while	64
abstract_inverted_index.$m=1$,	63
abstract_inverted_index.NIRCam	13
abstract_inverted_index.across	15
abstract_inverted_index.factor	93, 113
abstract_inverted_index.fourth	149
abstract_inverted_index.matter	79, 154
abstract_inverted_index.model.	179
abstract_inverted_index.models	74
abstract_inverted_index.needed	163
abstract_inverted_index.orders	33
abstract_inverted_index.signal	168
abstract_inverted_index.strong	5, 40, 83, 158
abstract_inverted_index.$\Delta	95, 115
abstract_inverted_index.SPT0418	65
abstract_inverted_index.account	19
abstract_inverted_index.analyse	2
abstract_inverted_index.angular	21, 43
abstract_inverted_index.confirm	165
abstract_inverted_index.finding	81
abstract_inverted_index.further	160
abstract_inverted_index.imaging	14
abstract_inverted_index.include	76
abstract_inverted_index.lenses,	7
abstract_inverted_index.reduces	110
abstract_inverted_index.results	38
abstract_inverted_index.subhalo	131
abstract_inverted_index.ABSTRACT	0
abstract_inverted_index.SPT2147,	47
abstract_inverted_index.analysis	161
abstract_inverted_index.evidence	41
abstract_inverted_index.filters.	17
abstract_inverted_index.multiple	16
abstract_inverted_index.$5\sigma$	127
abstract_inverted_index.0.3–1.7	52
abstract_inverted_index.2.4–9.5	59
abstract_inverted_index.Including	108
abstract_inverted_index.M}_{\odot	140
abstract_inverted_index.detection	128, 150
abstract_inverted_index.included.	107
abstract_inverted_index.introduce	29
abstract_inverted_index.multipole	30, 49
abstract_inverted_index.represent	147
abstract_inverted_index.strengths	50
abstract_inverted_index.SPT0418-47	8
abstract_inverted_index.SPT2147-50	89, 145
abstract_inverted_index.associated	174
abstract_inverted_index.complexity	22, 45
abstract_inverted_index.multipoles	104, 109
abstract_inverted_index.preference	84
abstract_inverted_index.}}})$$\sim	101, 121
abstract_inverted_index.SPT2147-50,	10
abstract_inverted_index.preference.	69
abstract_inverted_index.systematics	173
abstract_inverted_index.galaxy-scale	4
abstract_inverted_index.substructure	87, 155
abstract_inverted_index.{\varepsilon	100, 120
abstract_inverted_index.corresponding	124
abstract_inverted_index.distribution,	27
abstract_inverted_index.gravitational	6
abstract_inverted_index.perturbations	31
abstract_inverted_index.substructure,	80
abstract_inverted_index._{10}(M_{200}/{\rm	139
abstract_inverted_index.10.87^{+0.53}_{-0.71}$.	143
abstract_inverted_index.(Navarro–Frenk–White)	135
cited_by_percentile_year.max	99
cited_by_percentile_year.min	98
countries_distinct_count	3
institutions_distinct_count	11
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.98964565
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	True
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	True