Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models Article Swipe

PDF

Gemini Team , Rohan Anil , Sebastian Borgeaud , Jean-Baptiste Alayrac , Jiahui Yu , Radu Soricut , Johan Schalkwyk , Andrew M. Dai , Anja Hauth , Katie Millican , David M. Silver , Melvin Johnson , Ioannis Antonoglou , Julian Schrittwieser , Amelia Glaese , Jilin Chen , Emily Pitler , Timothy Lillicrap , Angeliki Lazaridou , Orhan Fırat , James Molloy , Michael Isard , Paul R. Barham , Tom Hennigan , Benjamin Lee , Fabio Viola , Malcolm Reynolds , Yuanzhong Xu , R. C. Doherty , Eli Collins , Clemens Meyer , Eliza Rutherford , Érica Rodrigues Moreira , Kareem Ayoub , Megha Goel , Jack Krawczyk , Cosmo Du , Ed H. , Heng-Tze Cheng , Eric C. Ni , Purvi Shah , Patrick Kane , Betty Chan , Manaal Faruqui , Aliaksei Severyn , Hanzhao Lin , YaGuang Li , Yong Cheng , Abe Ittycheriah , Mahdis Mahdieh , Mia Chen , Pei Sun , Dustin Tran , Sumit Bagri , Balaji Lakshminarayanan , Jeremiah Liu , András Orbán , Fabian Güra , Hao Zhou , Xinying Song , Aurelien Boffy , Harish Ganapathy , Steven Zheng , HyunJeong Choe , Ágoston Weisz , Tao Zhu , Yifeng Lu , Siddharth Gopal , Jarrod Kahn , Maciej Kula , Jeff Pitman , Rushin Shah , Emanuel Taropa , Majd Al Merey , Martin Baeuml , Zhifeng Chen , Laurent El Shafey , Yujing Zhang , Olcan Sercinoglu , George Tucker , Enrique Piqueras , Maxim Krikun , Iain Barr , Nikolay Savinov , Ivo Danihelka , Becca Roelofs , Anaïs White , Anders Andreassen , Tamara von Glehn , Lakshman Yagati , Mehran Kazemi , Lucas Gonzalez , Misha Khalman , Jakub Sygnowski , Alexandre Fréchette , Charlotte G. Smith , Laura Culp , Lev Proleev , Yi Luan , Xi Chen ·

YOU? · · 2023 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.11805

This report introduces a new family of multimodal models, Gemini, that exhibit remarkable capabilities across image, audio, video, and text understanding. The Gemini family consists of Ultra, Pro, and Nano sizes, suitable for applications ranging from complex reasoning tasks to on-device memory-constrained use-cases. Evaluation on a broad range of benchmarks shows that our most-capable Gemini Ultra model advances the state of the art in 30 of 32 of these benchmarks - notably being the first model to achieve human-expert performance on the well-studied exam benchmark MMLU, and improving the state of the art in every one of the 20 multimodal benchmarks we examined. We believe that the new capabilities of the Gemini family in cross-modal reasoning and language understanding will enable a wide variety of use cases. We discuss our approach toward post-training and deploying Gemini models responsibly to users through services including Gemini, Gemini Advanced, Google AI Studio, and Cloud Vertex AI.

Related Topics

Computer Science

Benchmark (Surveying)

Artificial Intelligence

Human–Computer Interaction

Programming Language

Cartography

Geography

Concepts

Computer science Benchmark (surveying) Variety (cybernetics) State (computer science) Cloud computing Artificial intelligence Human–computer interaction Programming language Cartography Operating system Geography

Metadata

Type: preprint
Language: en
Landing Page: http://arxiv.org/abs/2312.11805
PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.11805
OA Status: green
Cited By: 760
Related Works: 10
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4390041933

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4390041933

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.11805

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models

Work title
Type: preprint

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2023

Year of publication
Publication date: 2023-12-19

Full publication date if available
Authors: Gemini Team, Rohan Anil, Sebastian Borgeaud, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jiahui Yu, Radu Soricut, Johan Schalkwyk, Andrew M. Dai, Anja Hauth, Katie Millican, David M. Silver, Melvin Johnson, Ioannis Antonoglou, Julian Schrittwieser, Amelia Glaese, Jilin Chen, Emily Pitler, Timothy Lillicrap, Angeliki Lazaridou, Orhan Fırat, James Molloy, Michael Isard, Paul R. Barham, Tom Hennigan, Benjamin Lee, Fabio Viola, Malcolm Reynolds, Yuanzhong Xu, R. C. Doherty, Eli Collins, Clemens Meyer, Eliza Rutherford, Érica Rodrigues Moreira, Kareem Ayoub, Megha Goel, Jack Krawczyk, Cosmo Du, Ed H., Heng-Tze Cheng, Eric C. Ni, Purvi Shah, Patrick Kane, Betty Chan, Manaal Faruqui, Aliaksei Severyn, Hanzhao Lin, YaGuang Li, Yong Cheng, Abe Ittycheriah, Mahdis Mahdieh, Mia Chen, Pei Sun, Dustin Tran, Sumit Bagri, Balaji Lakshminarayanan, Jeremiah Liu, András Orbán, Fabian Güra, Hao Zhou, Xinying Song, Aurelien Boffy, Harish Ganapathy, Steven Zheng, HyunJeong Choe, Ágoston Weisz, Tao Zhu, Yifeng Lu, Siddharth Gopal, Jarrod Kahn, Maciej Kula, Jeff Pitman, Rushin Shah, Emanuel Taropa, Majd Al Merey, Martin Baeuml, Zhifeng Chen, Laurent El Shafey, Yujing Zhang, Olcan Sercinoglu, George Tucker, Enrique Piqueras, Maxim Krikun, Iain Barr, Nikolay Savinov, Ivo Danihelka, Becca Roelofs, Anaïs White, Anders Andreassen, Tamara von Glehn, Lakshman Yagati, Mehran Kazemi, Lucas Gonzalez, Misha Khalman, Jakub Sygnowski, Alexandre Fréchette, Charlotte G. Smith, Laura Culp, Lev Proleev, Yi Luan, Xi Chen

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.11805

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.11805

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: green

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.11805

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Computer science, Benchmark (surveying), Variety (cybernetics), State (computer science), Cloud computing, Artificial intelligence, Human–computer interaction, Programming language, Cartography, Operating system, Geography

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 760

Total citation count in OpenAlex
Citations by year (recent): 2025: 399, 2024: 351, 2023: 8, 2022: 1, 2021: 1

Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
Related works (count): 10

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4390041933
doi	https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.11805
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.11805
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4390041933
fwci
type	preprint
title	Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models
biblio.issue
biblio.volume
biblio.last_page
biblio.first_page
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T11714
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
topics[0].field.display_name	Computer Science
topics[0].score	0.9526000022888184
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[0].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1707
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
topics[0].display_name	Multimodal Machine Learning Applications
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T10181
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
topics[1].field.display_name	Computer Science
topics[1].score	0.939300000667572
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[1].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1702
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Artificial Intelligence
topics[1].display_name	Natural Language Processing Techniques
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C41008148
concepts[0].level	0
concepts[0].score	0.7097687721252441
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198
concepts[0].display_name	Computer science
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C185798385
concepts[1].level	2
concepts[1].score	0.6090010404586792
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707
concepts[1].display_name	Benchmark (surveying)
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C136197465
concepts[2].level	2
concepts[2].score	0.544342041015625
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295
concepts[2].display_name	Variety (cybernetics)
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C48103436
concepts[3].level	2
concepts[3].score	0.44821658730506897
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031
concepts[3].display_name	State (computer science)
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C79974875
concepts[4].level	2
concepts[4].score	0.4437291920185089
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639
concepts[4].display_name	Cloud computing
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C154945302
concepts[5].level	1
concepts[5].score	0.3914915919303894
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660
concepts[5].display_name	Artificial intelligence
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C107457646
concepts[6].level	1
concepts[6].score	0.32880109548568726
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434
concepts[6].display_name	Human–computer interaction
concepts[7].id	https://openalex.org/C199360897
concepts[7].level	1
concepts[7].score	0.19738128781318665
concepts[7].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143
concepts[7].display_name	Programming language
concepts[8].id	https://openalex.org/C58640448
concepts[8].level	1
concepts[8].score	0.075979083776474
concepts[8].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515
concepts[8].display_name	Cartography
concepts[9].id	https://openalex.org/C111919701
concepts[9].level	1
concepts[9].score	0.0
concepts[9].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135
concepts[9].display_name	Operating system
concepts[10].id	https://openalex.org/C205649164
concepts[10].level	0
concepts[10].score	0.0
concepts[10].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071
concepts[10].display_name	Geography
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science
keywords[0].score	0.7097687721252441
keywords[0].display_name	Computer science
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark
keywords[1].score	0.6090010404586792
keywords[1].display_name	Benchmark (surveying)
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/variety
keywords[2].score	0.544342041015625
keywords[2].display_name	Variety (cybernetics)
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/state
keywords[3].score	0.44821658730506897
keywords[3].display_name	State (computer science)
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing
keywords[4].score	0.4437291920185089
keywords[4].display_name	Cloud computing
keywords[5].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence
keywords[5].score	0.3914915919303894
keywords[5].display_name	Artificial intelligence
keywords[6].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/human–computer-interaction
keywords[6].score	0.32880109548568726
keywords[6].display_name	Human–computer interaction
keywords[7].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language
keywords[7].score	0.19738128781318665
keywords[7].display_name	Programming language
keywords[8].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography
keywords[8].score	0.075979083776474
keywords[8].display_name	Cartography
language	en
locations[0].id	pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2312.11805
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306400194
locations[0].source.issn
locations[0].source.type	repository
locations[0].source.is_oa	True
locations[0].source.issn_l
locations[0].source.is_core	False
locations[0].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[0].source.display_name	arXiv (Cornell University)
locations[0].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I205783295
locations[0].source.host_organization_name	Cornell University
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I205783295
locations[0].license
locations[0].pdf_url	https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.11805
locations[0].version	submittedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	text
locations[0].license_id
locations[0].is_accepted	False
locations[0].is_published	False
locations[0].raw_source_name
locations[0].landing_page_url	http://arxiv.org/abs/2312.11805
locations[1].id	doi:10.48550/arxiv.2312.11805
locations[1].is_oa	True
locations[1].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306400194
locations[1].source.issn
locations[1].source.type	repository
locations[1].source.is_oa	True
locations[1].source.issn_l
locations[1].source.is_core	False
locations[1].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[1].source.display_name	arXiv (Cornell University)
locations[1].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I205783295
locations[1].source.host_organization_name	Cornell University
locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I205783295
locations[1].license	cc-by
locations[1].pdf_url
locations[1].version
locations[1].raw_type	article
locations[1].license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
locations[1].is_accepted	False
locations[1].is_published
locations[1].raw_source_name
locations[1].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.11805
indexed_in	arxiv, datacite
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5113077259
authorships[0].author.orcid
authorships[0].author.display_name	Gemini Team
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Gemini Team
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5104083306
authorships[1].author.orcid
authorships[1].author.display_name	Rohan Anil
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Anil, Rohan
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5059460567
authorships[2].author.orcid
authorships[2].author.display_name	Sebastian Borgeaud
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Borgeaud, Sebastian
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5012826868
authorships[3].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-4157
authorships[3].author.display_name	Jean-Baptiste Alayrac
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Alayrac, Jean-Baptiste
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5062767417
authorships[4].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2399-9921
authorships[4].author.display_name	Jiahui Yu
authorships[4].author_position	middle
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Yu, Jiahui
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
authorships[5].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5089152779
authorships[5].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1565-3365
authorships[5].author.display_name	Radu Soricut
authorships[5].author_position	middle
authorships[5].raw_author_name	Soricut, Radu
authorships[5].is_corresponding	False
authorships[6].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5081836495
authorships[6].author.orcid
authorships[6].author.display_name	Johan Schalkwyk
authorships[6].author_position	middle
authorships[6].raw_author_name	Schalkwyk, Johan
authorships[6].is_corresponding	False
authorships[7].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5101597225
authorships[7].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9200-8577
authorships[7].author.display_name	Andrew M. Dai
authorships[7].author_position	middle
authorships[7].raw_author_name	Dai, Andrew M.
authorships[7].is_corresponding	False
authorships[8].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5086681820
authorships[8].author.orcid
authorships[8].author.display_name	Anja Hauth
authorships[8].author_position	middle
authorships[8].raw_author_name	Hauth, Anja
authorships[8].is_corresponding	False
authorships[9].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5023079707
authorships[9].author.orcid
authorships[9].author.display_name	Katie Millican
authorships[9].author_position	middle
authorships[9].raw_author_name	Millican, Katie
authorships[9].is_corresponding	False
authorships[10].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5039671080
authorships[10].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1631-1466
authorships[10].author.display_name	David M. Silver
authorships[10].author_position	middle
authorships[10].raw_author_name	Silver, David
authorships[10].is_corresponding	False
authorships[11].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5076150774
authorships[11].author.orcid
authorships[11].author.display_name	Melvin Johnson
authorships[11].author_position	middle
authorships[11].raw_author_name	Johnson, Melvin
authorships[11].is_corresponding	False
authorships[12].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5021217383
authorships[12].author.orcid
authorships[12].author.display_name	Ioannis Antonoglou
authorships[12].author_position	middle
authorships[12].raw_author_name	Antonoglou, Ioannis
authorships[12].is_corresponding	False
authorships[13].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5080518618
authorships[13].author.orcid
authorships[13].author.display_name	Julian Schrittwieser
authorships[13].author_position	middle
authorships[13].raw_author_name	Schrittwieser, Julian
authorships[13].is_corresponding	False
authorships[14].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5005117726
authorships[14].author.orcid
authorships[14].author.display_name	Amelia Glaese
authorships[14].author_position	middle
authorships[14].raw_author_name	Glaese, Amelia
authorships[14].is_corresponding	False
authorships[15].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5033428202
authorships[15].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3359-0938
authorships[15].author.display_name	Jilin Chen
authorships[15].author_position	middle
authorships[15].raw_author_name	Chen, Jilin
authorships[15].is_corresponding	False
authorships[16].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5089519482
authorships[16].author.orcid
authorships[16].author.display_name	Emily Pitler
authorships[16].author_position	middle
authorships[16].raw_author_name	Pitler, Emily
authorships[16].is_corresponding	False
authorships[17].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5066294254
authorships[17].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8918-486X
authorships[17].author.display_name	Timothy Lillicrap
authorships[17].author_position	middle
authorships[17].raw_author_name	Lillicrap, Timothy
authorships[17].is_corresponding	False
authorships[18].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5042659302
authorships[18].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5857-474X
authorships[18].author.display_name	Angeliki Lazaridou
authorships[18].author_position	middle
authorships[18].raw_author_name	Lazaridou, Angeliki
authorships[18].is_corresponding	False
authorships[19].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5035914396
authorships[19].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5775-2420
authorships[19].author.display_name	Orhan Fırat
authorships[19].author_position	middle
authorships[19].raw_author_name	Firat, Orhan
authorships[19].is_corresponding	False
authorships[20].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5008051481
authorships[20].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9024-7618
authorships[20].author.display_name	James Molloy
authorships[20].author_position	middle
authorships[20].raw_author_name	Molloy, James
authorships[20].is_corresponding	False
authorships[21].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5089543053
authorships[21].author.orcid
authorships[21].author.display_name	Michael Isard
authorships[21].author_position	middle
authorships[21].raw_author_name	Isard, Michael
authorships[21].is_corresponding	False
authorships[22].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5104217731
authorships[22].author.orcid
authorships[22].author.display_name	Paul R. Barham
authorships[22].author_position	middle
authorships[22].raw_author_name	Barham, Paul R.
authorships[22].is_corresponding	False
authorships[23].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5066862727
authorships[23].author.orcid
authorships[23].author.display_name	Tom Hennigan
authorships[23].author_position	middle
authorships[23].raw_author_name	Hennigan, Tom
authorships[23].is_corresponding	False
authorships[24].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5100763132
authorships[24].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1171-4741
authorships[24].author.display_name	Benjamin Lee
authorships[24].author_position	middle
authorships[24].raw_author_name	Lee, Benjamin
authorships[24].is_corresponding	False
authorships[25].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5102725435
authorships[25].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6810-7838
authorships[25].author.display_name	Fabio Viola
authorships[25].author_position	middle
authorships[25].raw_author_name	Viola, Fabio
authorships[25].is_corresponding	False
authorships[26].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5103531364
authorships[26].author.orcid
authorships[26].author.display_name	Malcolm Reynolds
authorships[26].author_position	middle
authorships[26].raw_author_name	Reynolds, Malcolm
authorships[26].is_corresponding	False
authorships[27].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5081428852
authorships[27].author.orcid
authorships[27].author.display_name	Yuanzhong Xu
authorships[27].author_position	middle
authorships[27].raw_author_name	Xu, Yuanzhong
authorships[27].is_corresponding	False
authorships[28].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5068717024
authorships[28].author.orcid
authorships[28].author.display_name	R. C. Doherty
authorships[28].author_position	middle
authorships[28].raw_author_name	Doherty, Ryan
authorships[28].is_corresponding	False
authorships[29].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5109667127
authorships[29].author.orcid
authorships[29].author.display_name	Eli Collins
authorships[29].author_position	middle
authorships[29].raw_author_name	Collins, Eli
authorships[29].is_corresponding	False
authorships[30].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5067459456
authorships[30].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1165-6104
authorships[30].author.display_name	Clemens Meyer
authorships[30].author_position	middle
authorships[30].raw_author_name	Meyer, Clemens
authorships[30].is_corresponding	False
authorships[31].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5042672461
authorships[31].author.orcid
authorships[31].author.display_name	Eliza Rutherford
authorships[31].author_position	middle
authorships[31].raw_author_name	Rutherford, Eliza
authorships[31].is_corresponding	False
authorships[32].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5014681596
authorships[32].author.orcid
authorships[32].author.display_name	Érica Rodrigues Moreira
authorships[32].author_position	middle
authorships[32].raw_author_name	Moreira, Erica
authorships[32].is_corresponding	False
authorships[33].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5083546214
authorships[33].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4147-3790
authorships[33].author.display_name	Kareem Ayoub
authorships[33].author_position	middle
authorships[33].raw_author_name	Ayoub, Kareem
authorships[33].is_corresponding	False
authorships[34].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5102394953
authorships[34].author.orcid
authorships[34].author.display_name	Megha Goel
authorships[34].author_position	middle
authorships[34].raw_author_name	Goel, Megha
authorships[34].is_corresponding	False
authorships[35].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5108887843
authorships[35].author.orcid
authorships[35].author.display_name	Jack Krawczyk
authorships[35].author_position	middle
authorships[35].raw_author_name	Krawczyk, Jack
authorships[35].is_corresponding	False
authorships[36].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5001202100
authorships[36].author.orcid
authorships[36].author.display_name	Cosmo Du
authorships[36].author_position	middle
authorships[36].raw_author_name	Du, Cosmo
authorships[36].is_corresponding	False
authorships[37].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5028125399
authorships[37].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3230-5338
authorships[37].author.display_name	Ed H.
authorships[37].author_position	middle
authorships[37].raw_author_name	Chi, Ed
authorships[37].is_corresponding	False
authorships[38].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5054880622
authorships[38].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3845-8796
authorships[38].author.display_name	Heng-Tze Cheng
authorships[38].author_position	middle
authorships[38].raw_author_name	Cheng, Heng-Tze
authorships[38].is_corresponding	False
authorships[39].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5061791546
authorships[39].author.orcid
authorships[39].author.display_name	Eric C. Ni
authorships[39].author_position	middle
authorships[39].raw_author_name	Ni, Eric
authorships[39].is_corresponding	False
authorships[40].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5035800131
authorships[40].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1765-1639
authorships[40].author.display_name	Purvi Shah
authorships[40].author_position	middle
authorships[40].raw_author_name	Shah, Purvi
authorships[40].is_corresponding	False
authorships[41].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5101734834
authorships[41].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1041-8382
authorships[41].author.display_name	Patrick Kane
authorships[41].author_position	middle
authorships[41].raw_author_name	Kane, Patrick
authorships[41].is_corresponding	False
authorships[42].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5023292824
authorships[42].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8265-3053
authorships[42].author.display_name	Betty Chan
authorships[42].author_position	middle
authorships[42].raw_author_name	Chan, Betty
authorships[42].is_corresponding	False
authorships[43].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5014855689
authorships[43].author.orcid
authorships[43].author.display_name	Manaal Faruqui
authorships[43].author_position	middle
authorships[43].raw_author_name	Faruqui, Manaal
authorships[43].is_corresponding	False
authorships[44].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5080125160
authorships[44].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2954-4167
authorships[44].author.display_name	Aliaksei Severyn
authorships[44].author_position	middle
authorships[44].raw_author_name	Severyn, Aliaksei
authorships[44].is_corresponding	False
authorships[45].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5111144531
authorships[45].author.orcid
authorships[45].author.display_name	Hanzhao Lin
authorships[45].author_position	middle
authorships[45].raw_author_name	Lin, Hanzhao
authorships[45].is_corresponding	False
authorships[46].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5046742446
authorships[46].author.orcid
authorships[46].author.display_name	YaGuang Li
authorships[46].author_position	middle
authorships[46].raw_author_name	Li, YaGuang
authorships[46].is_corresponding	False
authorships[47].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5100349974
authorships[47].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9043-8302
authorships[47].author.display_name	Yong Cheng
authorships[47].author_position	middle
authorships[47].raw_author_name	Cheng, Yong
authorships[47].is_corresponding	False
authorships[48].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5112552652
authorships[48].author.orcid
authorships[48].author.display_name	Abe Ittycheriah
authorships[48].author_position	middle
authorships[48].raw_author_name	Ittycheriah, Abe
authorships[48].is_corresponding	False
authorships[49].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5037111520
authorships[49].author.orcid
authorships[49].author.display_name	Mahdis Mahdieh
authorships[49].author_position	middle
authorships[49].raw_author_name	Mahdieh, Mahdis
authorships[49].is_corresponding	False
has_content.pdf	False
has_content.grobid_xml	False
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.11805
open_access.oa_status	green
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models
has_fulltext	False
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T06:51:31.235846
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T11714
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
primary_topic.field.display_name	Computer Science
primary_topic.score	0.9526000022888184
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1707
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
primary_topic.display_name	Multimodal Machine Learning Applications
related_works	https://openalex.org/W2378211422, https://openalex.org/W2745001401, https://openalex.org/W4321353415, https://openalex.org/W2130974462, https://openalex.org/W4244478748, https://openalex.org/W2028665553, https://openalex.org/W2086519370, https://openalex.org/W972276598, https://openalex.org/W2087343574, https://openalex.org/W4246352526
cited_by_count	760
counts_by_year[0].year	2025
counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count	399
counts_by_year[1].year	2024
counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count	351
counts_by_year[2].year	2023
counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count	8
counts_by_year[3].year	2022
counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count	1
counts_by_year[4].year	2021
counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count	1
locations_count	2
best_oa_location.id	pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2312.11805
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306400194
best_oa_location.source.issn
best_oa_location.source.type	repository
best_oa_location.source.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.issn_l
best_oa_location.source.is_core	False
best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
best_oa_location.source.display_name	arXiv (Cornell University)
best_oa_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I205783295
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name	Cornell University
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I205783295
best_oa_location.license
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.11805
best_oa_location.version	submittedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	text
best_oa_location.license_id
best_oa_location.is_accepted	False
best_oa_location.is_published	False
best_oa_location.raw_source_name
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	http://arxiv.org/abs/2312.11805
primary_location.id	pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2312.11805
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306400194
primary_location.source.issn
primary_location.source.type	repository
primary_location.source.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.issn_l
primary_location.source.is_core	False
primary_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
primary_location.source.display_name	arXiv (Cornell University)
primary_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I205783295
primary_location.source.host_organization_name	Cornell University
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I205783295
primary_location.license
primary_location.pdf_url	https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.11805
primary_location.version	submittedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	text
primary_location.license_id
primary_location.is_accepted	False
primary_location.is_published	False
primary_location.raw_source_name
primary_location.landing_page_url	http://arxiv.org/abs/2312.11805
publication_date	2023-12-19
publication_year	2023
referenced_works_count	0
abstract_inverted_index.-	70
abstract_inverted_index.a	3, 45, 121
abstract_inverted_index.20	98
abstract_inverted_index.30	64
abstract_inverted_index.32	66
abstract_inverted_index.AI	147
abstract_inverted_index.We	103, 127
abstract_inverted_index.in	63, 93, 113
abstract_inverted_index.of	6, 25, 48, 60, 65, 67, 90, 96, 109, 124
abstract_inverted_index.on	44, 80
abstract_inverted_index.to	39, 76, 138
abstract_inverted_index.we	101
abstract_inverted_index.AI.	152
abstract_inverted_index.The	21
abstract_inverted_index.and	18, 28, 86, 116, 133, 149
abstract_inverted_index.art	62, 92
abstract_inverted_index.for	32
abstract_inverted_index.new	4, 107
abstract_inverted_index.one	95
abstract_inverted_index.our	52, 129
abstract_inverted_index.the	58, 61, 73, 81, 88, 91, 97, 106, 110
abstract_inverted_index.use	125
abstract_inverted_index.Nano	29
abstract_inverted_index.Pro,	27
abstract_inverted_index.This	0
abstract_inverted_index.exam	83
abstract_inverted_index.from	35
abstract_inverted_index.text	19
abstract_inverted_index.that	10, 51, 105
abstract_inverted_index.wide	122
abstract_inverted_index.will	119
abstract_inverted_index.Cloud	150
abstract_inverted_index.MMLU,	85
abstract_inverted_index.Ultra	55
abstract_inverted_index.being	72
abstract_inverted_index.broad	46
abstract_inverted_index.every	94
abstract_inverted_index.first	74
abstract_inverted_index.model	56, 75
abstract_inverted_index.range	47
abstract_inverted_index.shows	50
abstract_inverted_index.state	59, 89
abstract_inverted_index.tasks	38
abstract_inverted_index.these	68
abstract_inverted_index.users	139
abstract_inverted_index.Gemini	22, 54, 111, 135, 144
abstract_inverted_index.Google	146
abstract_inverted_index.Ultra,	26
abstract_inverted_index.Vertex	151
abstract_inverted_index.across	14
abstract_inverted_index.audio,	16
abstract_inverted_index.cases.	126
abstract_inverted_index.enable	120
abstract_inverted_index.family	5, 23, 112
abstract_inverted_index.image,	15
abstract_inverted_index.models	136
abstract_inverted_index.report	1
abstract_inverted_index.sizes,	30
abstract_inverted_index.toward	131
abstract_inverted_index.video,	17
abstract_inverted_index.Gemini,	9, 143
abstract_inverted_index.Studio,	148
abstract_inverted_index.achieve	77
abstract_inverted_index.believe	104
abstract_inverted_index.complex	36
abstract_inverted_index.discuss	128
abstract_inverted_index.exhibit	11
abstract_inverted_index.models,	8
abstract_inverted_index.notably	71
abstract_inverted_index.ranging	34
abstract_inverted_index.through	140
abstract_inverted_index.variety	123
abstract_inverted_index.advances	57
abstract_inverted_index.approach	130
abstract_inverted_index.consists	24
abstract_inverted_index.language	117
abstract_inverted_index.services	141
abstract_inverted_index.suitable	31
abstract_inverted_index.Advanced,	145
abstract_inverted_index.benchmark	84
abstract_inverted_index.deploying	134
abstract_inverted_index.examined.	102
abstract_inverted_index.improving	87
abstract_inverted_index.including	142
abstract_inverted_index.on-device	40
abstract_inverted_index.reasoning	37, 115
abstract_inverted_index.Evaluation	43
abstract_inverted_index.benchmarks	49, 69, 100
abstract_inverted_index.introduces	2
abstract_inverted_index.multimodal	7, 99
abstract_inverted_index.remarkable	12
abstract_inverted_index.use-cases.	42
abstract_inverted_index.cross-modal	114
abstract_inverted_index.performance	79
abstract_inverted_index.responsibly	137
abstract_inverted_index.applications	33
abstract_inverted_index.capabilities	13, 108
abstract_inverted_index.human-expert	78
abstract_inverted_index.most-capable	53
abstract_inverted_index.well-studied	82
abstract_inverted_index.post-training	132
abstract_inverted_index.understanding	118
abstract_inverted_index.understanding.	20
abstract_inverted_index.memory-constrained	41
cited_by_percentile_year
countries_distinct_count	0
institutions_distinct_count	1345
sustainable_development_goals[0].id	https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4
sustainable_development_goals[0].score	0.7799999713897705
sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name	Quality Education
citation_normalized_percentile