Genetic Heterogeneity, Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Article Swipe
Eva Kúdelová
,
Marek Smolár
,
Veronika Holubeková
,
Andrea Horňáková
,
Dana Dvorská
,
Vincent Lučanský
,
Lenka Koklesová
,
Erik Kúdela
,
Peter Kubatka
·
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314937
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314937
Heterogeneity of triple-negative breast cancer is well known at clinical, histopathological, and molecular levels. Genomic instability and greater mutation rates, which may result in the creation of neoantigens and enhanced immunogenicity, are additional characteristics of this breast cancer type. Clinical outcome is poor due to early age of onset, high metastatic potential, and increased likelihood of distant recurrence. Consequently, efforts to elucidate molecular mechanisms of breast cancer development, progression, and metastatic spread have been initiated to improve treatment options and improve outcomes for these patients. The extremely complex and heterogeneous tumor immune microenvironment is made up of several cell types and commonly possesses disorganized gene expression. Altered signaling pathways are mainly associated with mutated genes including p53, PIK3CA, and MAPK, and which are positively correlated with genes regulating immune response. Of note, particular immunity-associated genes could be used in prognostic indexes to assess the most effective management. Recent findings highlight the fact that long non-coding RNAs also play an important role in shaping tumor microenvironment formation, and can mediate tumor immune evasion. Identification of molecular signatures, through the use of multi-omics approaches, and effector pathways that drive early stages of the carcinogenic process are important steps in developing new strategies for targeted cancer treatment and prevention. Advances in immunotherapy by remodeling the host immune system to eradicate tumor cells have great promise to lead to novel therapeutic strategies. Current research is focused on combining immune checkpoint inhibition with chemotherapy, PARP inhibitors, cancer vaccines, or natural killer cell therapy. Targeted therapies may improve therapeutic response, eliminate therapeutic resistance, and improve overall patient survival. In the future, these evolving advancements should be implemented for personalized medicine and state-of-art management of cancer patients.
Related Topics
Concepts
Tumor microenvironment
Immunotherapy
Breast cancer
Immune system
Biology
Cancer
Cancer research
Cancer immunotherapy
Triple-negative breast cancer
Targeted therapy
Immunology
Genetics
Metadata
- Type
- review
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314937
- https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/14937/pdf?version=1669713622
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 93
- References
- 168
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4311040536
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
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https://openalex.org/W4311040536Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314937Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Genetic Heterogeneity, Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast CancerWork title
- Type
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reviewOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2022Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2022-11-29Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Eva Kúdelová, Marek Smolár, Veronika Holubeková, Andrea Horňáková, Dana Dvorská, Vincent Lučanský, Lenka Koklesová, Erik Kúdela, Peter KubatkaList of authors in order
- Landing page
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https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314937Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
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https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/14937/pdf?version=1669713622Direct link to full text PDF
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/14937/pdf?version=1669713622Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Tumor microenvironment, Immunotherapy, Breast cancer, Immune system, Biology, Cancer, Cancer research, Cancer immunotherapy, Triple-negative breast cancer, Targeted therapy, Immunology, GeneticsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
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93Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
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2025: 31, 2024: 43, 2023: 19Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
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168Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5071904881 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 9 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I74788687 |
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| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Good health and well-being |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.98893232 |
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| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |