Gestational weight gain in pregnant women with obesity is associated with cord blood DNA methylation, which partially mediates offspring anthropometrics Article Swipe

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Josefine Jönsson , Kristina M. Renäult , Alexander Perfilyev , Allan Vaag , Emma Malchau Carlsen , Kirsten Nørgaard , Paul W. Franks , Charlotte Ling ·

YOU? · · 2023 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.1215

Obesity and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) influence the offspring's future health, and DNA methylation, an epigenetic mark occurring on CpG sites, constitutes a potential mechanism underlying this relationship.1, 2 GWG has been associated with birthweight, fat mass in newborns, and childhood obesity.1 Additionally, other suggested offspring long-term health effects linked to GWG are cancers and neurodevelopmental outcomes such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.1 To our knowledge, associations between GWG and DNA methylation in cord blood have only been investigated in normal-weight populations using either epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS)3, 4 or a panel of ∼1500 sites5. In the EWAS of normal-weight women, no associations between GWG and DNA methylation in cord blood were found.3, 4 We, therefore, examined if GWG in women with obesity, with a wide range of GWG (-5.0–34.1kg), associated with cord blood DNA methylation in the offspring of 232 newborns participating in the Treatment of Obese Pregnant Women study using EWAS (Figure S1 and Table 1, see Methods in Supporting Information). Approximately half of the women exceeded, and a quarter either stayed within or gained less weight than the Institute of Medicine recommendations regarding GWG. To test if cord blood DNA methylation is associated with GWG independent of treatment allocation, a linear regression model adjusted for maternal and offspring confounders and cell-type composition using a reference-free method was used (Model 1, Figure 1A). We additionally examined three models: Model 2, an unadjusted model without cell-type composition adjustment; Model 3, adjusted for maternal and offspring confounders, without cell-type composition adjustment; and Model 4, adjusted for maternal and offspring confounders and cell-type composition using a reference-based method (Figure 1A, see details in Supporting Information, Methods). In model 1, we found GWG to associate with differential DNA methylation at 441 sites, annotated to 352 genes, for example, ABCC8, FOXA2, GATA3, GRB10, NEUROD2, SMAD2, and TUB in cord blood based on a false discovery rate [FDR] <5% (Model 1; Figure 1A,B and Table S1). Six sites remained statistically significant after the Bonferroni correction (Figure 1B–H). DNA methylation of 13 of these 441 sites was also associated with gestational age (GA) and one with the lifestyle intervention, while none was associated with age, body mass index (BMI), or sex (FDR<5%, Table S1). Additionally, one of our found GWG-associated methylation sites, cg14663510 (HMX3), has previously been linked to a low pre-pregnancy BMI (Table S1)3. GWG was associated with methylation at 410, and 413 of the 441 sites in Model 2 and 3, respectively, and all 441 methylation sites were nominally associated with GWG in Model 4 (Figure 1A and Table S1). We further validated the results from Model 1 by randomly splitting the cohort into a discovery and validation cohort (60:40). In the discovery cohort (n = 125), 438 of our 441 methylation sites (99%) associated with GWG based on P = 8.77 × 10−9–4.00 × 10−2, while in the validation cohort (n = 83), 328 of our 441 methylation sites were identified with P = 1.98 × 10−10–4.9 × 10−2 (Table S1). Furthermore, 74% of the sites found in the discovery cohort could be confirmed in the validation cohort. Our results differ from previous studies performed on normal-weight women.3-5 These discrepancies may be due to differences in maternal BMI (normal-weight vs. obese), large variations in GWG in our study, different methods for cell-type composition adjustment, and different time points for measuring GWG. We proceeded to study the genetic influence on DNA methylation in cord blood of the 441 GWG-associated sites using the methylation Quantitative Trait Loci (mQTL) database.6 4911 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with cord blood DNA methylation of 111 of our 441 sites, so-called mQTLs (Figure 1I and Tables S2–S5). Among these mQTLs, 39 SNPs were associated with disease traits in the genome-wide association studies catalogue, including asthma (e.g. genes SIK2 and WDR36) and waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (in gene ATP6V0A2) (Figure 1I and Table S2).7 Moreover, methylation of several of these mQTLs have been linked to BMI (cg12338137 in the gene body of TNS1), birthweight (e.g. cg22441770 in the gene body of CRTC2, and cg24796852 in GMFG promotor), and asthma (e.g. cg21689291 in the gene body of TMEM106A) in published EWAS (Tables S2–S5). Furthermore, we have previously shown that offspring of mothers with obesity are born with higher fat mass8 and that carbohydrate intake in late gestation in pregnant women with obesity is positively associated with fat mass in their offspring at birth.9 However, when women with obesity underwent lifestyle interventions during pregnancy, the offspring were born with more lean mass than the offspring of women assigned a control intervention.10 Therefore, we explored if GWG is also associated with lean mass at birth in 139 offspring. We found a negative correlation between GWG and offspring lean mass at birth (Figure 2A). When performing a linear model adjusting for lifestyle intervention, smoking, GA, and sex, it was estimated that with every kilogram of GWG, lean mass at birth decreased in the offspring by 0.23 ± 0.05 percentage points (95% CI: -0.33; -0.13). We next analyzed whether GWG was associated with offspring birthweight in 208 offspring and found a positive correlation between GWG and offspring birthweight (Figure 2B), in line with published data1. After adjustments, birthweight was estimated to increase by 21.1 ± 5.0 g (95% CI: 11.3; 30.9) for every unit of GWG. Thereafter, we tested whether cord blood methylation of our 441 sites was associated with offspring lean mass and birthweight. DNA methylation at 62 sites was associated with offspring lean mass, while methylation at 21 sites was associated with offspring birthweight (Tables S6 and S7). Methylation of 16 of the sites associated with both offspring anthropometric measurements. We then performed causal mediation analyses to investigate whether the effect of GWG on the offspring's lean mass and/or birthweight was partially mediated through cord blood DNA methylation of any of the lean mass (62 sites) and/or birthweight (21 sites) associated sites (Figure 2C–E). The mediation analysis breaks down the total effect of exposure (GWG) on the outcome (offspring's lean mass/birthweight) into two parts: first, the indirect effect acting via the mediator of interest (DNA methylation), and second, the direct effect acting directly or via a mediator other than what is under study (Figure 2C,D). We found DNA methylation at 21 and 17 sites to partially mediate the effect of GWG on offspring's lean mass and birthweight, respectively, including methylation sites annotated to CCN4, KDM1B, and MUC5AC (FDR<5%, Table 2). Gene symbol, hg38, GENCODE version 36 ACME estimate of mediator CpG (95% CI) ACME q-value Total Effect (95% CI) Proportion mediated by CpG (95% CI) −0.047 (−0.092; −0.013) −0.188 (−0.297; −0.086) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.198 (0.055; 0.440) −0.061 (−0.123; −0.018) −0.174 (−0.273; −0.070) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.259 (0.082; 0.588) −0.042 (−0.082; −0.011) −0.193 (−0.298; −0.098) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.178 (0.052; 0.385) −0.053 (−0.097; −0.015) −0.181 (−0.284; −0.087) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.228 (0.067; 0.448) −0.051 (−0.102; −0.017) −0.184 (−0.286; −0.070) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.217 (0.078; 0.535) −0.063 (−0.114; −0.020) −0.172 (−0.284; −0.063) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.268 (0.084; 0.610) −0.052 (−0.110; −0.011) −0.183 (−0.286; −0.077) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.223 (0.055; 0.515) −0.052 (−0.103; −0.015) −0.183 (−0.281; −0.082) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.223 (0.066; 0.473) −0.046 (−0.096; −0.010) −0.189 (−0.293; −0.090) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.196 (0.049; 0.417) −0.046 (−0.085; −0.013) −0.189 (−0.293; −0.091) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.197 (0.058; 0.393) −0.035 (−0.082; −0.007) −0.200 (−0.309; −0.095) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.151 (0.031; 0.396) −0.051 (−0.094; −0.014) −0.184 (−0.290; −0.087) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.217 (0.067; 0.467) −0.049 (−0.099; −0.015) −0.186 (−0.292; −0.081) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.209 (0.069; 0.496) −0.040 (−0.081; −0.008) −0.195 (−0.306; −0.096) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.171 (0.037; 0.381) −0.041 (−0.083; −0.009) −0.194 (−0.298; −0.096) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.175 (0.039; 0.378) −0.059 (−0.117; −0.011) −0.176 (−0.290; −0.063) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.251 (0.044; 0.574) −0.039 (−0.092; −0.007) −0.196 (−0.309; −0.079) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.168 (0.026; 0.499) −0.036 (−0.082; −0.004) −0.199 (−0.302; −0.100) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.151 (0.021; 0.387) −0.045 (−0.094; −0.010) −0.189 (−0.303; −0.093) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.194 (0.043; 0.434) −0.038 (−0.087; −0.004) −0.196 (−0.298; −0.099) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.164 (0.018; 0.388) −0.030 (−0.064; −0.004) −0.205 (−0.305; −0.108) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.128 (0.015; 0.297) −0.038 (−0.079; −0.005) −0.197 (−0.291; −0.098) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.163 (0.025; 0.376) −0.033 (−0.071; −0.005) −0.202 (−0.310; −0.099) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.139 (0.023; 0.347) −0.031 (−0.066; −0.004) −0.204 (−0.310; −0.100) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.132 (0.018; 0.336) −0.046 (−0.094; −0.007) −0.189 (−0.303; −0.076) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.196 (0.031; 0.496) −0.038 (−0.080; −0.005) −0.197 (−0.304; −0.093) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.162 (0.020; 0.395) −0.034 (−0.072; −0.004) −0.201 (−0.296; −0.107) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.146 (0.019; 0.304) −0.031 (−0.073; −0.003) −0.204 (−0.309; −0.104) −0.235 (−0.343; −0.134) 0.131 (0.014; 0.330) 4.764 (1.699; 9.521) 16.323 (3.741; 27.365) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.226 (0.077; 0.643) 4.198 (1.233; 8.178) 16.889 (5.059; 27.542) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.199 (0.057; 0.520) 3.912 (0.697; 8.527) 17.175 (6.093; 27.767) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.185 (0.037; 0.454) 3.805 (0.759; 8.043) 17.282 (6.112; 27.558) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.180 (0.037; 0.461) 3.883 (0.899; 7.463) 17.204 (5.582; 27.884) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.184 (0.047; 0.482) 3.386 (0.582; 7.136) 17.701 (6.493; 28.443) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.161 (0.027; 0.424) 3.180 (0.455; 6.587) 17.907 (5.654; 29.069) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.151 (0.024; 0.423) 3.919 (0.569; 7.764) 17.168 (6.631; 27.663) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.186 (0.036; 0.445) 3.051 (0.641; 6.345) 18.036 (6.174; 29.420) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.145 (0.027; 0.404) 3.277 (0.446; 7.046) 17.810 (6.538; 28.048) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.155 (0.023; 0.420) 3.143 (0.491; 5.953) 17.944 (6.334; 28.594) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.149 (0.020; 0.390) 3.408 (0.257; 7.368) 17.678 (6.035; 28.248) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.162 (0.014; 0.436) 3.180 (0.356; 7.367) 17.907 (6.072; 28.262) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.151 (0.022; 0.415) 3.608 (0.410; 6.912) 17.479 (6.016; 27.682) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.171 (0.024; 0.402) 3.709 (0.248; 7.600) 17.378 (5.257; 27.569) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.176 (0.016; 0.485) 3.121 (0.170; 6.966) 17.966 (6.755; 28.466) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.148 (0.012; 0.394) 3.386 (0.175; 7.700) 17.701 (4.840; 28.923) 21.087 (9.363; 31.862) 0.161 (0.011; 0.515) In this study, we found for the first time associations between GWG in pregnant women with obesity and differential DNA methylation at individual sites in offspring's cord blood. Several identified epigenetic alterations were also associated with the offspring's lean mass and birthweight. Notably, we found that DNA methylation at 21 and 17 sites partially mediates the effect of GWG on lean mass and birthweight in the offspring, respectively. Six methylation sites are proposed to partially mediate the effect of GWG on both lean mass and birthweight. One site resides in KDM1B, encoding a histone demethylase that regulates histone lysine methylation.11 Additionally, in the present study, GWG was negatively associated with offspring's lean mass and positively associated with offspring birthweight, in line with previous work.1, 12 Interestingly, one in four of the found GWG-associated cord blood methylation sites has also been associated with genetic variation, so-called mQTLs, and traits such as asthma, birthweight, BMI, and type 2 diabetes based on previous EWAS. Hence, our novel data provide evidence that GWG in pregnant women with obesity impacts the methylome in offspring cord blood and on anthropometric measurements with probable importance for the health of the offspring (Figure 2G). Together these data imply that reducing GWG in a population with obesity is relevant to reduce potential long-term health effects in the offspring. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that GWG in pregnant women with obesity is associated with cord blood DNA methylation of sites previously linked to BMI, type 2 diabetes, and asthma. We also demonstrate that anthropometric measurements of importance for the future health of the offspring (i.e. lean mass and birthweight) are associated with GWG. This further supports that reducing GWG in women with obesity may be of value for the offspring's future health. These results also stress the importance of the intrauterine environment in humans and its ability to program the methylome, potentially affecting the offspring's metabolism. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Related Topics

Days Go By (The Offspring Album)

Concepts

Offspring DNA methylation Cord blood Medicine Umbilical cord Epigenetics Confounding Pregnancy Anthropometry Weight gain Obesity Physiology Body mass index CpG site Obstetrics Internal medicine Endocrinology Biology Immunology Genetics Body weight Gene expression Gene

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Type: letter
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.1215
PDF: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ctm2.1215
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Title: Gestational weight gain in pregnant women with obesity is associated with cord blood DNA methylation, which partially mediates offspring anthropometrics

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Language: en

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Publication year: 2023

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Authors: Josefine Jönsson, Kristina M. Renäult, Alexander Perfilyev, Allan Vaag, Emma Malchau Carlsen, Kirsten Nørgaard, Paul W. Franks, Charlotte Ling

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Concepts: Offspring, DNA methylation, Cord blood, Medicine, Umbilical cord, Epigenetics, Confounding, Pregnancy, Anthropometry, Weight gain, Obesity, Physiology, Body mass index, CpG site, Obstetrics, Internal medicine, Endocrinology, Biology, Immunology, Genetics, Body weight, Gene expression, Gene

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abstract_inverted_index.1	433
abstract_inverted_index.2	29, 404, 1790, 1881
abstract_inverted_index.4	87, 112, 420
abstract_inverted_index.=	451, 466, 478, 490
abstract_inverted_index.P	465, 489
abstract_inverted_index.a	23, 89, 123, 169, 201, 215, 263, 308, 383, 440, 759, 780, 795, 848, 1025, 1727, 1839
abstract_inverted_index.g	874
abstract_inverted_index.(n	450, 477
abstract_inverted_index.1,	156, 221, 276
abstract_inverted_index.12	1759
abstract_inverted_index.13	335
abstract_inverted_index.16	930
abstract_inverted_index.17	1042, 1686
abstract_inverted_index.1;	315
abstract_inverted_index.1A	422
abstract_inverted_index.1I	606, 643
abstract_inverted_index.2,	230
abstract_inverted_index.21	917, 1040, 1684
abstract_inverted_index.3,	239, 406
abstract_inverted_index.36	1075
abstract_inverted_index.39	613
abstract_inverted_index.4,	252
abstract_inverted_index.62	906
abstract_inverted_index.In	94, 274, 446, 1635, 1854
abstract_inverted_index.S1	153
abstract_inverted_index.S6	925
abstract_inverted_index.To	62, 186
abstract_inverted_index.We	224, 426, 558, 778, 833, 940, 1035, 1885
abstract_inverted_index.an	15, 231
abstract_inverted_index.as	59, 1784
abstract_inverted_index.at	286, 394, 733, 773, 789, 817, 905, 916, 1039, 1656, 1683
abstract_inverted_index.be	509, 528, 1920, 1979
abstract_inverted_index.by	434, 823, 870, 1091, 1969
abstract_inverted_index.if	116, 188, 765
abstract_inverted_index.in	38, 71, 78, 107, 118, 135, 142, 159, 270, 303, 402, 418, 473, 504, 511, 532, 540, 542, 568, 620, 660, 669, 677, 684, 690, 716, 719, 730, 775, 820, 843, 858, 1647, 1659, 1699, 1724, 1736, 1754, 1762, 1804, 1812, 1838, 1851, 1862, 1915, 1938
abstract_inverted_index.is	193, 724, 767, 1030, 1843, 1867, 1956
abstract_inverted_index.it	806
abstract_inverted_index.no	100
abstract_inverted_index.of	91, 97, 126, 138, 145, 164, 181, 198, 334, 336, 370, 398, 454, 481, 500, 571, 597, 599, 649, 651, 664, 673, 688, 702, 756, 813, 882, 891, 929, 931, 951, 968, 970, 992, 1012, 1049, 1078, 1692, 1713, 1764, 1826, 1874, 1891, 1897, 1921, 1934, 1964
abstract_inverted_index.on	19, 307, 464, 522, 565, 953, 995, 1051, 1694, 1715, 1793, 1817
abstract_inverted_index.or	88, 174, 363, 1023, 1962
abstract_inverted_index.to	51, 280, 290, 382, 530, 560, 657, 868, 946, 1044, 1062, 1708, 1845, 1878, 1943, 1981
abstract_inverted_index.we	277, 696, 763, 885, 1638, 1678
abstract_inverted_index.±	825, 872
abstract_inverted_index.×	468, 470, 492, 494
abstract_inverted_index.(21	978
abstract_inverted_index.(62	974
abstract_inverted_index.(in	639
abstract_inverted_index.111	598
abstract_inverted_index.139	776
abstract_inverted_index.1A,	267
abstract_inverted_index.2).	1069
abstract_inverted_index.208	844
abstract_inverted_index.232	139
abstract_inverted_index.328	480
abstract_inverted_index.352	291
abstract_inverted_index.413	397
abstract_inverted_index.438	453
abstract_inverted_index.441	287, 338, 400, 410, 456, 483, 573, 601, 893
abstract_inverted_index.5.0	873
abstract_inverted_index.74%	499
abstract_inverted_index.<5%	313
abstract_inverted_index.Any	1972
abstract_inverted_index.BMI	386, 534, 638, 658
abstract_inverted_index.CI)	1082, 1088, 1094
abstract_inverted_index.CI:	830, 876
abstract_inverted_index.CpG	20, 1080, 1092
abstract_inverted_index.DNA	13, 69, 105, 133, 191, 284, 332, 566, 595, 903, 966, 1037, 1654, 1681, 1872
abstract_inverted_index.GA,	803
abstract_inverted_index.GWG	30, 52, 67, 103, 117, 127, 196, 279, 389, 417, 462, 541, 766, 784, 837, 852, 952, 1050, 1646, 1693, 1714, 1740, 1803, 1837, 1861, 1914
abstract_inverted_index.One	1721
abstract_inverted_index.Our	515
abstract_inverted_index.Six	321, 1703
abstract_inverted_index.TUB	302
abstract_inverted_index.The	984, 1954
abstract_inverted_index.We,	113
abstract_inverted_index.age	345
abstract_inverted_index.all	409
abstract_inverted_index.and	1, 12, 40, 55, 68, 104, 154, 168, 208, 211, 243, 250, 256, 259, 301, 318, 347, 396, 405, 408, 423, 442, 551, 607, 631, 633, 644, 675, 680, 712, 785, 804, 846, 853, 901, 926, 1016, 1041, 1055, 1065, 1652, 1675, 1685, 1697, 1719, 1748, 1781, 1788, 1816, 1883, 1903, 1940
abstract_inverted_index.any	969, 1965
abstract_inverted_index.are	53, 706, 1706, 1905
abstract_inverted_index.due	529
abstract_inverted_index.fat	36, 710, 728
abstract_inverted_index.for	206, 241, 254, 293, 547, 555, 637, 799, 879, 1640, 1823, 1893, 1923, 1959, 1985
abstract_inverted_index.has	31, 378, 1772
abstract_inverted_index.its	1941
abstract_inverted_index.low	384
abstract_inverted_index.may	527, 1919
abstract_inverted_index.not	1957
abstract_inverted_index.one	348, 369, 1761
abstract_inverted_index.our	63, 371, 455, 482, 543, 600, 892, 1797
abstract_inverted_index.see	157, 268
abstract_inverted_index.sex	364
abstract_inverted_index.the	8, 95, 136, 143, 165, 179, 327, 350, 399, 429, 437, 447, 474, 501, 505, 512, 562, 572, 577, 621, 661, 670, 685, 745, 754, 821, 932, 949, 954, 971, 989, 996, 1005, 1010, 1018, 1047, 1641, 1671, 1690, 1700, 1711, 1737, 1765, 1810, 1824, 1827, 1852, 1894, 1898, 1924, 1932, 1935, 1945, 1949, 1960, 1970, 1982, 1986
abstract_inverted_index.two	1002
abstract_inverted_index.via	1009, 1024
abstract_inverted_index.vs.	536
abstract_inverted_index.was	218, 340, 355, 390, 807, 838, 866, 895, 908, 919, 960, 1741
abstract_inverted_index.(95%	829, 875, 1081, 1087, 1093
abstract_inverted_index.(DNA	1014
abstract_inverted_index.(GA)	346
abstract_inverted_index.0.05	826
abstract_inverted_index.0.23	824
abstract_inverted_index.1.98	491
abstract_inverted_index.1A).	223
abstract_inverted_index.1A,B	317
abstract_inverted_index.21.1	871
abstract_inverted_index.2A).	792
abstract_inverted_index.2B),	857
abstract_inverted_index.2G).	1830
abstract_inverted_index.410,	395
abstract_inverted_index.4911	584
abstract_inverted_index.8.77	467
abstract_inverted_index.83),	479
abstract_inverted_index.ACME	1076, 1083
abstract_inverted_index.BMI,	1787, 1879
abstract_inverted_index.EWAS	96, 151, 692
abstract_inverted_index.GMFG	678
abstract_inverted_index.GWG,	814
abstract_inverted_index.GWG.	185, 557, 883, 1908
abstract_inverted_index.Gene	1070
abstract_inverted_index.Loci	581
abstract_inverted_index.S1).	320, 367, 425, 497
abstract_inverted_index.S7).	927
abstract_inverted_index.SIK2	630
abstract_inverted_index.SNPs	614
abstract_inverted_index.This	1909
abstract_inverted_index.When	793
abstract_inverted_index.age,	358
abstract_inverted_index.also	341, 768, 1668, 1773, 1886, 1930
abstract_inverted_index.been	32, 76, 380, 590, 655, 1774
abstract_inverted_index.body	359, 663, 672, 687
abstract_inverted_index.born	707, 748
abstract_inverted_index.both	936, 1716
abstract_inverted_index.cord	72, 108, 131, 189, 304, 569, 593, 888, 964, 1661, 1768, 1814, 1870
abstract_inverted_index.data	1799, 1833
abstract_inverted_index.down	988
abstract_inverted_index.four	1763
abstract_inverted_index.from	431, 518
abstract_inverted_index.gain	5
abstract_inverted_index.gene	640, 662, 671, 686
abstract_inverted_index.half	163
abstract_inverted_index.have	74, 589, 654, 697
abstract_inverted_index.into	439, 1001
abstract_inverted_index.late	717
abstract_inverted_index.lean	751, 771, 787, 815, 899, 912, 956, 972, 999, 1053, 1673, 1695, 1717, 1746, 1901
abstract_inverted_index.less	176
abstract_inverted_index.line	859, 1755
abstract_inverted_index.mark	17
abstract_inverted_index.mass	37, 360, 729, 752, 772, 788, 816, 900, 957, 973, 1054, 1674, 1696, 1718, 1747, 1902
abstract_inverted_index.more	750
abstract_inverted_index.next	834
abstract_inverted_index.none	354
abstract_inverted_index.only	75
abstract_inverted_index.rate	311
abstract_inverted_index.sex,	805
abstract_inverted_index.site	1722
abstract_inverted_index.such	58, 1783
abstract_inverted_index.test	187
abstract_inverted_index.than	178, 753, 1028, 1975
abstract_inverted_index.that	700, 713, 809, 1680, 1730, 1802, 1835, 1860, 1888, 1912
abstract_inverted_index.then	941
abstract_inverted_index.this	27, 1636, 1856
abstract_inverted_index.time	553, 1643
abstract_inverted_index.type	1789, 1880
abstract_inverted_index.unit	881
abstract_inverted_index.used	219
abstract_inverted_index.were	110, 413, 486, 615, 747, 1667
abstract_inverted_index.what	1029
abstract_inverted_index.when	736
abstract_inverted_index.wide	124
abstract_inverted_index.with	34, 120, 122, 130, 195, 282, 343, 349, 357, 392, 416, 461, 488, 592, 617, 704, 708, 722, 727, 738, 749, 770, 810, 840, 860, 897, 910, 921, 935, 1650, 1670, 1744, 1751, 1756, 1776, 1807, 1820, 1841, 1865, 1869, 1907, 1917
abstract_inverted_index.(99%)	459
abstract_inverted_index.(GWG)	6, 994
abstract_inverted_index.(e.g.	628, 667, 682
abstract_inverted_index.(i.e.	1900
abstract_inverted_index.0.128	1344
abstract_inverted_index.0.131	1428
abstract_inverted_index.0.132	1380
abstract_inverted_index.0.139	1368
abstract_inverted_index.0.145	1536
abstract_inverted_index.0.146	1416
abstract_inverted_index.0.148	1620
abstract_inverted_index.0.149	1560
abstract_inverted_index.0.151	1224, 1308, 1512, 1584
abstract_inverted_index.0.155	1548
abstract_inverted_index.0.161	1500, 1632
abstract_inverted_index.0.162	1404, 1572
abstract_inverted_index.0.163	1356
abstract_inverted_index.0.164	1332
abstract_inverted_index.0.168	1296
abstract_inverted_index.0.171	1260, 1596
abstract_inverted_index.0.175	1272
abstract_inverted_index.0.176	1608
abstract_inverted_index.0.178	1128
abstract_inverted_index.0.180	1476
abstract_inverted_index.0.184	1488
abstract_inverted_index.0.185	1464
abstract_inverted_index.0.186	1524
abstract_inverted_index.0.194	1320
abstract_inverted_index.0.196	1200, 1392
abstract_inverted_index.0.197	1212
abstract_inverted_index.0.198	1104
abstract_inverted_index.0.199	1452
abstract_inverted_index.0.209	1248
abstract_inverted_index.0.217	1152, 1236
abstract_inverted_index.0.223	1176, 1188
abstract_inverted_index.0.226	1440
abstract_inverted_index.0.228	1140
abstract_inverted_index.0.251	1284
abstract_inverted_index.0.259	1116
abstract_inverted_index.0.268	1164
abstract_inverted_index.11.3;	877
abstract_inverted_index.125),	452
abstract_inverted_index.3.051	1527
abstract_inverted_index.3.121	1611
abstract_inverted_index.3.143	1551
abstract_inverted_index.3.180	1503, 1575
abstract_inverted_index.3.277	1539
abstract_inverted_index.3.386	1491, 1623
abstract_inverted_index.3.408	1563
abstract_inverted_index.3.608	1587
abstract_inverted_index.3.709	1599
abstract_inverted_index.3.805	1467
abstract_inverted_index.3.883	1479
abstract_inverted_index.3.912	1455
abstract_inverted_index.3.919	1515
abstract_inverted_index.30.9)	878
abstract_inverted_index.4.198	1443
abstract_inverted_index.4.764	1431
abstract_inverted_index.After	863
abstract_inverted_index.Among	610
abstract_inverted_index.CCN4,	1063
abstract_inverted_index.EWAS.	1795
abstract_inverted_index.Model	229, 238, 251, 403, 419, 432
abstract_inverted_index.Obese	146
abstract_inverted_index.S1)3.	388
abstract_inverted_index.S2).7	646
abstract_inverted_index.Table	155, 319, 366, 424, 645, 1068
abstract_inverted_index.These	525, 1928
abstract_inverted_index.Total	1085
abstract_inverted_index.Trait	580
abstract_inverted_index.Women	148
abstract_inverted_index.[FDR]	312
abstract_inverted_index.after	326
abstract_inverted_index.based	306, 463, 1792
abstract_inverted_index.birth	774, 790, 818
abstract_inverted_index.blood	73, 109, 132, 190, 305, 570, 594, 889, 965, 1769, 1815, 1871
abstract_inverted_index.could	508
abstract_inverted_index.every	811, 880
abstract_inverted_index.false	309
abstract_inverted_index.first	1642
abstract_inverted_index.found	278, 372, 503, 779, 847, 1036, 1639, 1679, 1766
abstract_inverted_index.genes	629
abstract_inverted_index.hg38,	1072
abstract_inverted_index.imply	1834
abstract_inverted_index.index	361
abstract_inverted_index.large	538
abstract_inverted_index.mQTLs	604, 653
abstract_inverted_index.mass,	913
abstract_inverted_index.mass8	711
abstract_inverted_index.model	204, 233, 275, 797
abstract_inverted_index.note:	1953
abstract_inverted_index.novel	1798
abstract_inverted_index.other	44, 1027
abstract_inverted_index.panel	90
abstract_inverted_index.range	125
abstract_inverted_index.ratio	635
abstract_inverted_index.shown	699
abstract_inverted_index.sites	322, 339, 401, 412, 458, 485, 502, 575, 894, 907, 918, 933, 981, 1043, 1060, 1658, 1687, 1705, 1771, 1875
abstract_inverted_index.study	149, 561, 1032, 1857
abstract_inverted_index.their	731
abstract_inverted_index.these	337, 611, 652, 1832
abstract_inverted_index.three	227
abstract_inverted_index.total	990
abstract_inverted_index.under	1031
abstract_inverted_index.using	81, 150, 214, 262, 576
abstract_inverted_index.value	1922
abstract_inverted_index.while	353, 472, 914
abstract_inverted_index.women	119, 166, 721, 737, 757, 1649, 1806, 1864, 1916
abstract_inverted_index.(BMI),	362
abstract_inverted_index.(Model	220, 314
abstract_inverted_index.(SNPs)	588
abstract_inverted_index.(Table	387, 496
abstract_inverted_index.(mQTL)	582
abstract_inverted_index.(other	1974
abstract_inverted_index.-0.33;	831
abstract_inverted_index.0.297)	1346
abstract_inverted_index.0.304)	1418
abstract_inverted_index.0.330)	1430
abstract_inverted_index.0.336)	1382
abstract_inverted_index.0.347)	1370
abstract_inverted_index.0.376)	1358
abstract_inverted_index.0.378)	1274
abstract_inverted_index.0.381)	1262
abstract_inverted_index.0.385)	1130
abstract_inverted_index.0.387)	1310
abstract_inverted_index.0.388)	1334
abstract_inverted_index.0.390)	1562
abstract_inverted_index.0.393)	1214
abstract_inverted_index.0.394)	1622
abstract_inverted_index.0.395)	1406
abstract_inverted_index.0.396)	1226
abstract_inverted_index.0.402)	1598
abstract_inverted_index.0.404)	1538
abstract_inverted_index.0.415)	1586
abstract_inverted_index.0.417)	1202
abstract_inverted_index.0.420)	1550
abstract_inverted_index.0.423)	1514
abstract_inverted_index.0.424)	1502
abstract_inverted_index.0.434)	1322
abstract_inverted_index.0.436)	1574
abstract_inverted_index.0.440)	1106
abstract_inverted_index.0.445)	1526
abstract_inverted_index.0.448)	1142
abstract_inverted_index.0.454)	1466
abstract_inverted_index.0.461)	1478
abstract_inverted_index.0.467)	1238
abstract_inverted_index.0.473)	1190
abstract_inverted_index.0.482)	1490
abstract_inverted_index.0.485)	1610
abstract_inverted_index.0.496)	1250, 1394
abstract_inverted_index.0.499)	1298
abstract_inverted_index.0.515)	1178, 1634
abstract_inverted_index.0.520)	1454
abstract_inverted_index.0.535)	1154
abstract_inverted_index.0.574)	1286
abstract_inverted_index.0.588)	1118
abstract_inverted_index.0.610)	1166
abstract_inverted_index.0.643)	1442
abstract_inverted_index.10−2	495
abstract_inverted_index.16.323	1434
abstract_inverted_index.16.889	1446
abstract_inverted_index.17.168	1518
abstract_inverted_index.17.175	1458
abstract_inverted_index.17.204	1482
abstract_inverted_index.17.282	1470
abstract_inverted_index.17.378	1602
abstract_inverted_index.17.479	1590
abstract_inverted_index.17.678	1566
abstract_inverted_index.17.701	1494, 1626
abstract_inverted_index.17.810	1542
abstract_inverted_index.17.907	1506, 1578
abstract_inverted_index.17.944	1554
abstract_inverted_index.17.966	1614
abstract_inverted_index.18.036	1530
abstract_inverted_index.21.087	1437, 1449, 1461, 1473, 1485, 1497, 1509, 1521, 1533, 1545, 1557, 1569, 1581, 1593, 1605, 1617, 1629
abstract_inverted_index.2C,D).	1034
abstract_inverted_index.5.953)	1553
abstract_inverted_index.6.345)	1529
abstract_inverted_index.6.587)	1505
abstract_inverted_index.6.912)	1589
abstract_inverted_index.6.966)	1613
abstract_inverted_index.7.046)	1541
abstract_inverted_index.7.136)	1493
abstract_inverted_index.7.367)	1577
abstract_inverted_index.7.368)	1565
abstract_inverted_index.7.463)	1481
abstract_inverted_index.7.600)	1601
abstract_inverted_index.7.700)	1625
abstract_inverted_index.7.764)	1517
abstract_inverted_index.8.043)	1469
abstract_inverted_index.8.178)	1445
abstract_inverted_index.8.527)	1457
abstract_inverted_index.9.521)	1433
abstract_inverted_index.ABCC8,	295
abstract_inverted_index.CRTC2,	674
abstract_inverted_index.Effect	1086
abstract_inverted_index.FOXA2,	296
abstract_inverted_index.Figure	222, 316
abstract_inverted_index.GATA3,	297
abstract_inverted_index.GRB10,	298
abstract_inverted_index.Hence,	1796
abstract_inverted_index.KDM1B,	1064, 1725
abstract_inverted_index.MUC5AC	1066
abstract_inverted_index.Please	1952
abstract_inverted_index.SMAD2,	300
abstract_inverted_index.TNS1),	665
abstract_inverted_index.Tables	608
abstract_inverted_index.WDR36)	632
abstract_inverted_index.acting	1008, 1021
abstract_inverted_index.and/or	958, 976
abstract_inverted_index.asthma	627, 681
abstract_inverted_index.author	1984
abstract_inverted_index.blood.	1662
abstract_inverted_index.breaks	987
abstract_inverted_index.causal	943
abstract_inverted_index.cohort	438, 444, 449, 476, 507
abstract_inverted_index.data1.	862
abstract_inverted_index.differ	517
abstract_inverted_index.direct	1019
abstract_inverted_index.during	743
abstract_inverted_index.effect	950, 991, 1007, 1020, 1048, 1691, 1712
abstract_inverted_index.either	82, 171
abstract_inverted_index.first,	1004
abstract_inverted_index.future	10, 1895, 1926
abstract_inverted_index.gained	175
abstract_inverted_index.genes,	292
abstract_inverted_index.health	48, 1825, 1849, 1896
abstract_inverted_index.higher	709
abstract_inverted_index.humans	1939
abstract_inverted_index.intake	715
abstract_inverted_index.linear	202, 796
abstract_inverted_index.linked	50, 381, 656, 1877
abstract_inverted_index.lysine	1733
abstract_inverted_index.mQTLs,	612, 1780
abstract_inverted_index.method	217, 265
abstract_inverted_index.parts:	1003
abstract_inverted_index.points	554, 828
abstract_inverted_index.reduce	1846
abstract_inverted_index.should	1978
abstract_inverted_index.single	585
abstract_inverted_index.sites)	975, 979
abstract_inverted_index.sites,	21, 288, 375, 602
abstract_inverted_index.stayed	172
abstract_inverted_index.stress	1931
abstract_inverted_index.study,	544, 1637, 1739
abstract_inverted_index.tested	886
abstract_inverted_index.traits	619, 1782
abstract_inverted_index.weight	4, 177
abstract_inverted_index.within	173
abstract_inverted_index.women,	99
abstract_inverted_index.(0.011;	1633
abstract_inverted_index.(0.012;	1621
abstract_inverted_index.(0.014;	1429, 1573
abstract_inverted_index.(0.015;	1345
abstract_inverted_index.(0.016;	1609
abstract_inverted_index.(0.018;	1333, 1381
abstract_inverted_index.(0.019;	1417
abstract_inverted_index.(0.020;	1405, 1561
abstract_inverted_index.(0.021;	1309
abstract_inverted_index.(0.022;	1585
abstract_inverted_index.(0.023;	1369, 1549
abstract_inverted_index.(0.024;	1513, 1597
abstract_inverted_index.(0.025;	1357
abstract_inverted_index.(0.026;	1297
abstract_inverted_index.(0.027;	1501, 1537
abstract_inverted_index.(0.031;	1225, 1393
abstract_inverted_index.(0.036;	1525
abstract_inverted_index.(0.037;	1261, 1465, 1477
abstract_inverted_index.(0.039;	1273
abstract_inverted_index.(0.043;	1321
abstract_inverted_index.(0.044;	1285
abstract_inverted_index.(0.047;	1489
abstract_inverted_index.(0.049;	1201
abstract_inverted_index.(0.052;	1129
abstract_inverted_index.(0.055;	1105, 1177
abstract_inverted_index.(0.057;	1453
abstract_inverted_index.(0.058;	1213
abstract_inverted_index.(0.066;	1189
abstract_inverted_index.(0.067;	1141, 1237
abstract_inverted_index.(0.069;	1249
abstract_inverted_index.(0.077;	1441
abstract_inverted_index.(0.078;	1153
abstract_inverted_index.(0.082;	1117
abstract_inverted_index.(0.084;	1165
abstract_inverted_index.(0.170;	1612
abstract_inverted_index.(0.175;	1624
abstract_inverted_index.(0.248;	1600
abstract_inverted_index.(0.257;	1564
abstract_inverted_index.(0.356;	1576
abstract_inverted_index.(0.410;	1588
abstract_inverted_index.(0.446;	1540
abstract_inverted_index.(0.455;	1504
abstract_inverted_index.(0.491;	1552
abstract_inverted_index.(0.569;	1516
abstract_inverted_index.(0.582;	1492
abstract_inverted_index.(0.641;	1528
abstract_inverted_index.(0.697;	1456
abstract_inverted_index.(0.759;	1468
abstract_inverted_index.(0.899;	1480
abstract_inverted_index.(1.233;	1444
abstract_inverted_index.(1.699;	1432
abstract_inverted_index.(3.741;	1435
abstract_inverted_index.(4.840;	1627
abstract_inverted_index.(5.059;	1447
abstract_inverted_index.(5.257;	1603
abstract_inverted_index.(5.582;	1483
abstract_inverted_index.(5.654;	1507
abstract_inverted_index.(6.016;	1591
abstract_inverted_index.(6.035;	1567
abstract_inverted_index.(6.072;	1579
abstract_inverted_index.(6.093;	1459
abstract_inverted_index.(6.112;	1471
abstract_inverted_index.(6.174;	1531
abstract_inverted_index.(6.334;	1555
abstract_inverted_index.(6.493;	1495
abstract_inverted_index.(6.538;	1543
abstract_inverted_index.(6.631;	1519
abstract_inverted_index.(6.755;	1615
abstract_inverted_index.(9.363;	1438, 1450, 1462, 1474, 1486, 1498, 1510, 1522, 1534, 1546, 1558, 1570, 1582, 1594, 1606, 1618, 1630
abstract_inverted_index.(Figure	152, 266, 330, 421, 605, 642, 791, 856, 982, 1033, 1829
abstract_inverted_index.(HMX3),	377
abstract_inverted_index.(Tables	693, 924
abstract_inverted_index.-0.13).	832
abstract_inverted_index.10−2,	471
abstract_inverted_index.27.365)	1436
abstract_inverted_index.27.542)	1448
abstract_inverted_index.27.558)	1472
abstract_inverted_index.27.569)	1604
abstract_inverted_index.27.663)	1520
abstract_inverted_index.27.682)	1592
abstract_inverted_index.27.767)	1460
abstract_inverted_index.27.884)	1484
abstract_inverted_index.28.048)	1544
abstract_inverted_index.28.248)	1568
abstract_inverted_index.28.262)	1580
abstract_inverted_index.28.443)	1496
abstract_inverted_index.28.466)	1616
abstract_inverted_index.28.594)	1556
abstract_inverted_index.28.923)	1628
abstract_inverted_index.29.069)	1508
abstract_inverted_index.29.420)	1532
abstract_inverted_index.31.862)	1439, 1451, 1463, 1475, 1487, 1499, 1511, 1523, 1535, 1547, 1559, 1571, 1583, 1595, 1607, 1619, 1631
abstract_inverted_index.GENCODE	1073
abstract_inverted_index.Methods	158
abstract_inverted_index.Obesity	0
abstract_inverted_index.Several	1663
abstract_inverted_index.ability	1942
abstract_inverted_index.asthma,	1785
abstract_inverted_index.asthma.	1884
abstract_inverted_index.between	66, 102, 783, 851, 1645
abstract_inverted_index.birth.9	734
abstract_inverted_index.cancers	54
abstract_inverted_index.cohort.	514
abstract_inverted_index.content	1961
abstract_inverted_index.control	760
abstract_inverted_index.details	269
abstract_inverted_index.disease	618
abstract_inverted_index.effects	49, 1850
abstract_inverted_index.further	427, 1910
abstract_inverted_index.genetic	563, 1777
abstract_inverted_index.health,	11
abstract_inverted_index.health.	1927
abstract_inverted_index.histone	1728, 1732
abstract_inverted_index.impacts	1809
abstract_inverted_index.mediate	1046, 1710
abstract_inverted_index.methods	546
abstract_inverted_index.missing	1976
abstract_inverted_index.models:	228
abstract_inverted_index.mothers	703
abstract_inverted_index.obese),	537
abstract_inverted_index.obesity	705, 723, 739, 1651, 1808, 1842, 1866, 1918
abstract_inverted_index.outcome	997
abstract_inverted_index.present	1738
abstract_inverted_index.program	1944
abstract_inverted_index.provide	1800
abstract_inverted_index.q-value	1084
abstract_inverted_index.quarter	170
abstract_inverted_index.queries	1973
abstract_inverted_index.resides	1723
abstract_inverted_index.results	430, 516, 1929
abstract_inverted_index.second,	1017
abstract_inverted_index.several	650
abstract_inverted_index.sites5.	93
abstract_inverted_index.studies	85, 520, 624
abstract_inverted_index.symbol,	1071
abstract_inverted_index.through	963
abstract_inverted_index.version	1074
abstract_inverted_index.whether	836, 887, 948
abstract_inverted_index.without	234, 246
abstract_inverted_index.work.1,	1758
abstract_inverted_index.∼1500	92
abstract_inverted_index.(60:40).	445
abstract_inverted_index.(EWAS)3,	86
abstract_inverted_index.(FDR<5%,	365, 1067
abstract_inverted_index.1B–H).	331
abstract_inverted_index.2C–E).	983
abstract_inverted_index.However,	735
abstract_inverted_index.Medicine	182
abstract_inverted_index.NEUROD2,	299
abstract_inverted_index.Notably,	1677
abstract_inverted_index.Pregnant	147
abstract_inverted_index.Together	1831
abstract_inverted_index.adjusted	205, 240, 253, 636
abstract_inverted_index.analyses	945
abstract_inverted_index.analysis	986
abstract_inverted_index.analyzed	835
abstract_inverted_index.article.	1987
abstract_inverted_index.assigned	758
abstract_inverted_index.authors.	1971
abstract_inverted_index.content)	1977
abstract_inverted_index.diabetes	1791
abstract_inverted_index.directed	1980
abstract_inverted_index.directly	1022
abstract_inverted_index.encoding	1726
abstract_inverted_index.estimate	1077
abstract_inverted_index.evidence	1801, 1859
abstract_inverted_index.examined	115, 226
abstract_inverted_index.example,	294
abstract_inverted_index.explored	764
abstract_inverted_index.exposure	993
abstract_inverted_index.found.3,	111
abstract_inverted_index.increase	869
abstract_inverted_index.indirect	1006
abstract_inverted_index.interest	1013
abstract_inverted_index.kilogram	812
abstract_inverted_index.maternal	207, 242, 255, 533
abstract_inverted_index.mediated	962, 1090
abstract_inverted_index.mediates	1689
abstract_inverted_index.mediator	1011, 1026, 1079
abstract_inverted_index.negative	781
abstract_inverted_index.newborns	140
abstract_inverted_index.obesity,	121
abstract_inverted_index.outcomes	57
abstract_inverted_index.positive	849
abstract_inverted_index.pregnant	720, 1648, 1805, 1863
abstract_inverted_index.previous	519, 1757, 1794
abstract_inverted_index.probable	1821
abstract_inverted_index.proposed	1707
abstract_inverted_index.provides	1858
abstract_inverted_index.randomly	435
abstract_inverted_index.reducing	1836, 1913
abstract_inverted_index.relevant	1844
abstract_inverted_index.remained	323
abstract_inverted_index.smoking,	802
abstract_inverted_index.supplied	1968
abstract_inverted_index.supports	1911
abstract_inverted_index.−0.030	1335
abstract_inverted_index.−0.031	1371, 1419
abstract_inverted_index.−0.033	1359
abstract_inverted_index.−0.034	1407
abstract_inverted_index.−0.035	1215
abstract_inverted_index.−0.036	1299
abstract_inverted_index.−0.038	1323, 1347, 1395
abstract_inverted_index.−0.039	1287
abstract_inverted_index.−0.040	1251
abstract_inverted_index.−0.041	1263
abstract_inverted_index.−0.042	1119
abstract_inverted_index.−0.045	1311
abstract_inverted_index.−0.046	1191, 1203, 1383
abstract_inverted_index.−0.047	1095
abstract_inverted_index.−0.049	1239
abstract_inverted_index.−0.051	1143, 1227
abstract_inverted_index.−0.052	1167, 1179
abstract_inverted_index.−0.053	1131
abstract_inverted_index.−0.059	1275
abstract_inverted_index.−0.061	1107
abstract_inverted_index.−0.063	1155
abstract_inverted_index.−0.172	1158
abstract_inverted_index.−0.174	1110
abstract_inverted_index.−0.176	1278
abstract_inverted_index.−0.181	1134
abstract_inverted_index.−0.183	1170, 1182
abstract_inverted_index.−0.184	1146, 1230
abstract_inverted_index.−0.186	1242
abstract_inverted_index.−0.188	1098
abstract_inverted_index.−0.189	1194, 1206, 1314, 1386
abstract_inverted_index.−0.193	1122
abstract_inverted_index.−0.194	1266
abstract_inverted_index.−0.195	1254
abstract_inverted_index.−0.196	1290, 1326
abstract_inverted_index.−0.197	1350, 1398
abstract_inverted_index.−0.199	1302
abstract_inverted_index.−0.200	1218
abstract_inverted_index.−0.201	1410
abstract_inverted_index.−0.202	1362
abstract_inverted_index.−0.204	1374, 1422
abstract_inverted_index.−0.205	1338
abstract_inverted_index.−0.235	1101, 1113, 1125, 1137, 1149, 1161, 1173, 1185, 1197, 1209, 1221, 1233, 1245, 1257, 1269, 1281, 1293, 1305, 1317, 1329, 1341, 1353, 1365, 1377, 1389, 1401, 1413, 1425
abstract_inverted_index.ATP6V0A2)	641
abstract_inverted_index.Institute	180
abstract_inverted_index.Methods).	273
abstract_inverted_index.Moreover,	647
abstract_inverted_index.S2–S5).	609, 694
abstract_inverted_index.TMEM106A)	689
abstract_inverted_index.Treatment	144
abstract_inverted_index.adjusting	798
abstract_inverted_index.affecting	1948
abstract_inverted_index.annotated	289, 1061
abstract_inverted_index.associate	281
abstract_inverted_index.cell-type	212, 235, 247, 260, 548
abstract_inverted_index.childhood	41
abstract_inverted_index.confirmed	510
abstract_inverted_index.decreased	819
abstract_inverted_index.diabetes,	1882
abstract_inverted_index.different	545, 552
abstract_inverted_index.discovery	310, 441, 448, 506
abstract_inverted_index.estimated	808, 867
abstract_inverted_index.exceeded,	167
abstract_inverted_index.excessive	2
abstract_inverted_index.gestation	718
abstract_inverted_index.including	626, 1058
abstract_inverted_index.influence	7, 564
abstract_inverted_index.lifestyle	351, 741, 800
abstract_inverted_index.long-term	47, 1848
abstract_inverted_index.measuring	556
abstract_inverted_index.mechanism	25
abstract_inverted_index.mediation	944, 985
abstract_inverted_index.methylome	1811
abstract_inverted_index.newborns,	39
abstract_inverted_index.nominally	414
abstract_inverted_index.obesity.1	42
abstract_inverted_index.occurring	18
abstract_inverted_index.offspring	46, 137, 209, 244, 257, 701, 732, 746, 755, 786, 822, 841, 845, 854, 898, 911, 922, 937, 1752, 1813, 1828, 1899
abstract_inverted_index.partially	961, 1045, 1688, 1709
abstract_inverted_index.performed	521, 942
abstract_inverted_index.potential	24, 1847
abstract_inverted_index.proceeded	559
abstract_inverted_index.published	691, 861
abstract_inverted_index.publisher	1955
abstract_inverted_index.regarding	184
abstract_inverted_index.regulates	1731
abstract_inverted_index.so-called	603, 1779
abstract_inverted_index.splitting	436
abstract_inverted_index.suggested	45
abstract_inverted_index.treatment	199
abstract_inverted_index.underwent	740
abstract_inverted_index.validated	428
abstract_inverted_index.women.3-5	524
abstract_inverted_index.−0.003)	1421
abstract_inverted_index.−0.004)	1301, 1325, 1337, 1373, 1409
abstract_inverted_index.−0.005)	1349, 1361, 1397
abstract_inverted_index.−0.007)	1217, 1289, 1385
abstract_inverted_index.−0.008)	1253
abstract_inverted_index.−0.009)	1265
abstract_inverted_index.−0.010)	1193, 1313
abstract_inverted_index.−0.011)	1121, 1169, 1277
abstract_inverted_index.−0.013)	1097, 1205
abstract_inverted_index.−0.014)	1229
abstract_inverted_index.−0.015)	1133, 1181, 1241
abstract_inverted_index.−0.017)	1145
abstract_inverted_index.−0.018)	1109
abstract_inverted_index.−0.020)	1157
abstract_inverted_index.−0.063)	1160, 1280
abstract_inverted_index.−0.070)	1112, 1148
abstract_inverted_index.−0.076)	1388
abstract_inverted_index.−0.077)	1172
abstract_inverted_index.−0.079)	1292
abstract_inverted_index.−0.081)	1244
abstract_inverted_index.−0.082)	1184
abstract_inverted_index.−0.086)	1100
abstract_inverted_index.−0.087)	1136, 1232
abstract_inverted_index.−0.090)	1196
abstract_inverted_index.−0.091)	1208
abstract_inverted_index.−0.093)	1316, 1400
abstract_inverted_index.−0.095)	1220
abstract_inverted_index.−0.096)	1256, 1268
abstract_inverted_index.−0.098)	1124, 1352
abstract_inverted_index.−0.099)	1328, 1364
abstract_inverted_index.−0.100)	1304, 1376
abstract_inverted_index.−0.104)	1424
abstract_inverted_index.−0.107)	1412
abstract_inverted_index.−0.108)	1340
abstract_inverted_index.−0.134)	1103, 1115, 1127, 1139, 1151, 1163, 1175, 1187, 1199, 1211, 1223, 1235, 1247, 1259, 1271, 1283, 1295, 1307, 1319, 1331, 1343, 1355, 1367, 1379, 1391, 1403, 1415, 1427
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.064;	1336
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.066;	1372
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.071;	1360
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.072;	1408
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.073;	1420
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.079;	1348
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.080;	1396
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.081;	1252
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.082;	1120, 1216, 1300
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.083;	1264
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.085;	1204
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.087;	1324
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.092;	1096, 1288
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.094;	1228, 1312, 1384
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.096;	1192
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.097;	1132
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.099;	1240
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.102;	1144
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.103;	1180
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.110;	1168
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.114;	1156
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.117;	1276
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.123;	1108
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.273;	1111
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.281;	1183
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.284;	1135, 1159
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.286;	1147, 1171
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.290;	1231, 1279
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.291;	1351
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.292;	1243
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.293;	1195, 1207
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.296;	1411
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.297;	1099
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.298;	1123, 1267, 1327
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.302;	1303
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.303;	1315, 1387
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.304;	1399
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.305;	1339
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.306;	1255
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.309;	1219, 1291, 1423
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.310;	1363, 1375
abstract_inverted_index.(−0.343;	1102, 1114, 1126, 1138, 1150, 1162, 1174, 1186, 1198, 1210, 1222, 1234, 1246, 1258, 1270, 1282, 1294, 1306, 1318, 1330, 1342, 1354, 1366, 1378, 1390, 1402, 1414, 1426
abstract_inverted_index.Bonferroni	328
abstract_inverted_index.Proportion	1089
abstract_inverted_index.Supporting	160, 271
abstract_inverted_index.Therefore,	762
abstract_inverted_index.associated	33, 129, 194, 342, 356, 391, 415, 460, 591, 616, 726, 769, 839, 896, 909, 920, 934, 980, 1669, 1743, 1750, 1775, 1868, 1906
abstract_inverted_index.catalogue,	625
abstract_inverted_index.cg14663510	376
abstract_inverted_index.cg21689291	683
abstract_inverted_index.cg22441770	668
abstract_inverted_index.cg24796852	676
abstract_inverted_index.correction	329
abstract_inverted_index.database.6	583
abstract_inverted_index.disorder.1	61
abstract_inverted_index.epigenetic	16, 1665
abstract_inverted_index.identified	487, 1664
abstract_inverted_index.importance	1822, 1892, 1933
abstract_inverted_index.individual	1657
abstract_inverted_index.knowledge,	64
abstract_inverted_index.methylome,	1946
abstract_inverted_index.negatively	1742
abstract_inverted_index.nucleotide	586
abstract_inverted_index.offspring,	1701
abstract_inverted_index.offspring.	777, 1853
abstract_inverted_index.percentage	827
abstract_inverted_index.performing	794
abstract_inverted_index.population	1840
abstract_inverted_index.positively	725, 1749
abstract_inverted_index.pregnancy,	744
abstract_inverted_index.previously	379, 698, 1876
abstract_inverted_index.promotor),	679
abstract_inverted_index.regression	203
abstract_inverted_index.supporting	1966
abstract_inverted_index.therefore,	114
abstract_inverted_index.unadjusted	232
abstract_inverted_index.underlying	26
abstract_inverted_index.validation	443, 475, 513
abstract_inverted_index.variation,	1778
abstract_inverted_index.variations	539
abstract_inverted_index.(cg12338137	659
abstract_inverted_index.Methylation	928
abstract_inverted_index.Thereafter,	884
abstract_inverted_index.adjustment,	550
abstract_inverted_index.adjustment;	237, 249
abstract_inverted_index.allocation,	200
abstract_inverted_index.alterations	1666
abstract_inverted_index.association	84, 623
abstract_inverted_index.birthweight	666, 842, 855, 865, 923, 959, 977, 1698
abstract_inverted_index.composition	213, 236, 248, 261, 549
abstract_inverted_index.conclusion,	1855
abstract_inverted_index.confounders	210, 258
abstract_inverted_index.constitutes	22
abstract_inverted_index.correlation	782, 850
abstract_inverted_index.demethylase	1729
abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate	1887
abstract_inverted_index.differences	531
abstract_inverted_index.environment	1937
abstract_inverted_index.genome-wide	622
abstract_inverted_index.gestational	3, 344
abstract_inverted_index.independent	197
abstract_inverted_index.information	1967
abstract_inverted_index.investigate	947
abstract_inverted_index.metabolism.	1951
abstract_inverted_index.methylation	70, 106, 134, 192, 285, 333, 374, 393, 411, 457, 484, 567, 578, 596, 648, 890, 904, 915, 967, 1038, 1059, 1655, 1682, 1704, 1770, 1873
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abstract_inverted_index.populations	80
abstract_inverted_index.potentially	1947
abstract_inverted_index.responsible	1958
abstract_inverted_index.significant	325
abstract_inverted_index.(offspring's	998
abstract_inverted_index.Furthermore,	498, 695
abstract_inverted_index.Information,	272
abstract_inverted_index.Quantitative	579
abstract_inverted_index.additionally	225
abstract_inverted_index.adjustments,	864
abstract_inverted_index.associations	65, 101, 1644
abstract_inverted_index.birthweight)	1904
abstract_inverted_index.birthweight,	35, 1056, 1753, 1786
abstract_inverted_index.birthweight.	902, 1676, 1720
abstract_inverted_index.carbohydrate	714
abstract_inverted_index.confounders,	245
abstract_inverted_index.differential	283, 1653
abstract_inverted_index.intrauterine	1936
abstract_inverted_index.investigated	77
abstract_inverted_index.measurements	1819, 1890
abstract_inverted_index.methylation,	14
abstract_inverted_index.waist-to-hip	634
abstract_inverted_index.10−10–4.9	493
abstract_inverted_index.10−9–4.00	469
abstract_inverted_index.Additionally,	43, 368, 1735
abstract_inverted_index.Approximately	162
abstract_inverted_index.Information).	161
abstract_inverted_index.corresponding	1983
abstract_inverted_index.discrepancies	526
abstract_inverted_index.functionality	1963
abstract_inverted_index.intervention,	352, 801
abstract_inverted_index.interventions	742
abstract_inverted_index.measurements.	939
abstract_inverted_index.methylation),	1015
abstract_inverted_index.normal-weight	79, 98, 523
abstract_inverted_index.participating	141
abstract_inverted_index.polymorphisms	587
abstract_inverted_index.pre-pregnancy	385
abstract_inverted_index.respectively,	407, 1057
abstract_inverted_index.respectively.	1702
abstract_inverted_index.statistically	324
abstract_inverted_index.(normal-weight	535
abstract_inverted_index.GWG-associated	373, 574, 1767
abstract_inverted_index.Interestingly,	1760
abstract_inverted_index.anthropometric	938, 1818, 1889
abstract_inverted_index.epigenome-wide	83
abstract_inverted_index.methylation.11	1734
abstract_inverted_index.reference-free	216
abstract_inverted_index.intervention.10	761
abstract_inverted_index.recommendations	183
abstract_inverted_index.reference-based	264
abstract_inverted_index.relationship.1,	28
abstract_inverted_index.(-5.0–34.1kg),	128
abstract_inverted_index.mass/birthweight)	1000
abstract_inverted_index.neurodevelopmental	56
abstract_inverted_index.attention-deficit/hyperactivity	60
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cited_by_percentile_year.min	94
corresponding_author_ids	https://openalex.org/A5046960589, https://openalex.org/A5025849322
countries_distinct_count	2
institutions_distinct_count	8
corresponding_institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I1294350288, https://openalex.org/I187531555
sustainable_development_goals[0].id	https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3
sustainable_development_goals[0].score	0.8100000023841858
sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name	Good health and well-being
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citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	True