Global Caries Experience in Adults and Elderly: Relationship with Country Level Income and Current Tobacco Smoking Article Swipe

View

Muhammad Ashraf Nazir , Faris Nemat , Ahmad Talal , Muhammad Awais Ashraf , Muhammad Waleed Ashraf , Khalid Almas ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571

Background: Dental caries remains a major global public health concern. This study aimed to evaluate the worldwide distribution of caries experience among adults and older adults, and to examine the impact of current tobacco smoking and country-level income on caries experience. Methodology: This ecological study utilized data on caries experience and current smoking prevalence from the World Health Organization (WHO), and income classifications from the World Bank. Caries experience was measured using the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. DMFT scores and smoking prevalence were compared across low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income countries. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the relationships among variables. Results: Globally, adults had a lower mean DMFT score (9.62 ± 5.01) compared to the elderly (19.46 ± 6.72). The global prevalence of current smoking in adults was 19.80%. Low-income countries had significantly lower caries experience in both adults (P<0.001) and the elderly (P=0.009), and also lower adult smoking prevalence (P<0.001) compared to high-income countries. Adult caries experience was positively correlated with country-level income (r=0.58, P<0.001), smoking prevalence (r=0.26, P=0.006), and elderly caries experience (r=0.82, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed significant associations between adult caries experience and country-level income (B=2.64, P<0.001), and between elderly and adult caries experience (B=0.94, P<0.001). Conclusion: Global disparities in dental caries exist across income levels and age groups. Caries experience in adults is significantly influenced by both national income and caries levels in the elderly population.

Related Topics

Global Health

Global Network

The Girlfriend Experience (Tv Series)

Paramount Global

Global City

Global Justice Movement

Global Justice

S&P Global

Global Entry

Global Financial Centres Index

Global Development Network

2025 Global Super League

Concepts

No concepts available.

Metadata

Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571
OA Status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4414217733

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4414217733

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Global Caries Experience in Adults and Elderly: Relationship with Country Level Income and Current Tobacco Smoking

Work title
Type: article

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2025

Year of publication
Publication date: 2025-06-25

Full publication date if available
Authors: Muhammad Ashraf Nazir, Faris Nemat, Ahmad Talal, Muhammad Awais Ashraf, Muhammad Waleed Ashraf, Khalid Almas

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571

Publisher landing page
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: diamond

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571

Direct OA link when available
Cited by: 0

Total citation count in OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4414217733
doi	https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4414217733
fwci	0.0
type	article
title	Global Caries Experience in Adults and Elderly: Relationship with Country Level Income and Current Tobacco Smoking
biblio.issue	2
biblio.volume	15
biblio.last_page	46
biblio.first_page	41
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T10368
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/35
topics[0].field.display_name	Dentistry
topics[0].score	0.9991999864578247
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/4
topics[0].domain.display_name	Health Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3506
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Periodontics
topics[0].display_name	Dental Health and Care Utilization
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T10257
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/35
topics[1].field.display_name	Dentistry
topics[1].score	0.9858999848365784
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/4
topics[1].domain.display_name	Health Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3506
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Periodontics
topics[1].display_name	Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
topics[2].id	https://openalex.org/T12439
topics[2].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/35
topics[2].field.display_name	Dentistry
topics[2].score	0.9284999966621399
topics[2].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/4
topics[2].domain.display_name	Health Sciences
topics[2].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3500
topics[2].subfield.display_name	General Dentistry
topics[2].display_name	Dental Research and COVID-19
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
language	en
locations[0].id	doi:10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source.id	https://openalex.org/S2764883280
locations[0].source.issn	2225-0891, 2226-7018
locations[0].source.type	journal
locations[0].source.is_oa	True
locations[0].source.issn_l	2225-0891
locations[0].source.is_core	False
locations[0].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[0].source.display_name	Pakistan Journal of Public Health
locations[0].source.host_organization
locations[0].source.host_organization_name
locations[0].license
locations[0].pdf_url
locations[0].version	publishedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	journal-article
locations[0].license_id
locations[0].is_accepted	True
locations[0].is_published	True
locations[0].raw_source_name	Pakistan Journal of Public Health
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571
indexed_in	crossref
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5073047134
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2259-6602
authorships[0].author.display_name	Muhammad Ashraf Nazir
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Muhammad Ashraf Nazir
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5092492173
authorships[1].author.orcid
authorships[1].author.display_name	Faris Nemat
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Faris Nemat
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5031284306
authorships[2].author.orcid
authorships[2].author.display_name	Ahmad Talal
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Ahmad Talal
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5077073322
authorships[3].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4085-8995
authorships[3].author.display_name	Muhammad Awais Ashraf
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Muhammad Awais Ashraf
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5101224851
authorships[4].author.orcid
authorships[4].author.display_name	Muhammad Waleed Ashraf
authorships[4].author_position	middle
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Muhammad Waleed Ashraf
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
authorships[5].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5030363293
authorships[5].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2552-587X
authorships[5].author.display_name	Khalid Almas
authorships[5].author_position	last
authorships[5].raw_author_name	Khalid Almas
authorships[5].is_corresponding	False
has_content.pdf	False
has_content.grobid_xml	False
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571
open_access.oa_status	diamond
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	Global Caries Experience in Adults and Elderly: Relationship with Country Level Income and Current Tobacco Smoking
has_fulltext	False
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T10368
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/35
primary_topic.field.display_name	Dentistry
primary_topic.score	0.9991999864578247
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/4
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Health Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3506
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Periodontics
primary_topic.display_name	Dental Health and Care Utilization
cited_by_count	0
locations_count	1
best_oa_location.id	doi:10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S2764883280
best_oa_location.source.issn	2225-0891, 2226-7018
best_oa_location.source.type	journal
best_oa_location.source.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.issn_l	2225-0891
best_oa_location.source.is_core	False
best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
best_oa_location.source.display_name	Pakistan Journal of Public Health
best_oa_location.source.host_organization
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name
best_oa_location.license
best_oa_location.pdf_url
best_oa_location.version	publishedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	journal-article
best_oa_location.license_id
best_oa_location.is_accepted	True
best_oa_location.is_published	True
best_oa_location.raw_source_name	Pakistan Journal of Public Health
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571
primary_location.id	doi:10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S2764883280
primary_location.source.issn	2225-0891, 2226-7018
primary_location.source.type	journal
primary_location.source.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.issn_l	2225-0891
primary_location.source.is_core	False
primary_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
primary_location.source.display_name	Pakistan Journal of Public Health
primary_location.source.host_organization
primary_location.source.host_organization_name
primary_location.license
primary_location.pdf_url
primary_location.version	publishedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	journal-article
primary_location.license_id
primary_location.is_accepted	True
primary_location.is_published	True
primary_location.raw_source_name	Pakistan Journal of Public Health
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v15i2.1571
publication_date	2025-06-25
publication_year	2025
referenced_works_count	0
abstract_inverted_index.a	4, 110
abstract_inverted_index.by	225
abstract_inverted_index.in	131, 142, 208, 220, 232
abstract_inverted_index.is	222
abstract_inverted_index.of	18, 31, 128
abstract_inverted_index.on	38, 47
abstract_inverted_index.to	13, 27, 100, 119, 158
abstract_inverted_index.±	116, 123
abstract_inverted_index.The	125
abstract_inverted_index.age	216
abstract_inverted_index.and	23, 26, 35, 50, 60, 75, 82, 91, 95, 146, 150, 176, 191, 196, 199, 215, 229
abstract_inverted_index.had	109, 137
abstract_inverted_index.the	15, 29, 55, 64, 72, 102, 120, 147, 233
abstract_inverted_index.was	69, 133, 164
abstract_inverted_index.DMFT	80, 113
abstract_inverted_index.This	10, 42
abstract_inverted_index.also	151
abstract_inverted_index.both	143, 226
abstract_inverted_index.data	46
abstract_inverted_index.from	54, 63
abstract_inverted_index.low,	88
abstract_inverted_index.mean	112
abstract_inverted_index.were	85, 98
abstract_inverted_index.with	167
abstract_inverted_index.(9.62	115
abstract_inverted_index.5.01)	117
abstract_inverted_index.Adult	161
abstract_inverted_index.Bank.	66
abstract_inverted_index.Teeth	77
abstract_inverted_index.World	56, 65
abstract_inverted_index.adult	153, 188, 200
abstract_inverted_index.aimed	12
abstract_inverted_index.among	21, 104
abstract_inverted_index.exist	211
abstract_inverted_index.lower	111, 139, 152
abstract_inverted_index.major	5
abstract_inverted_index.older	24
abstract_inverted_index.score	114
abstract_inverted_index.study	11, 44
abstract_inverted_index.using	71
abstract_inverted_index.(19.46	122
abstract_inverted_index.(DMFT)	78
abstract_inverted_index.(WHO),	59
abstract_inverted_index.6.72).	124
abstract_inverted_index.Caries	67, 218
abstract_inverted_index.Dental	1
abstract_inverted_index.Filled	76
abstract_inverted_index.Global	206
abstract_inverted_index.Health	57
abstract_inverted_index.across	87, 212
abstract_inverted_index.adults	22, 108, 132, 144, 221
abstract_inverted_index.assess	101
abstract_inverted_index.caries	2, 19, 39, 48, 140, 162, 178, 189, 201, 210, 230
abstract_inverted_index.dental	209
abstract_inverted_index.global	6, 126
abstract_inverted_index.health	8
abstract_inverted_index.impact	30
abstract_inverted_index.income	37, 61, 169, 193, 213, 228
abstract_inverted_index.index.	79
abstract_inverted_index.levels	214, 231
abstract_inverted_index.public	7
abstract_inverted_index.scores	81
abstract_inverted_index.19.80%.	134
abstract_inverted_index.adults,	25
abstract_inverted_index.between	187, 197
abstract_inverted_index.current	32, 51, 129
abstract_inverted_index.elderly	121, 148, 177, 198, 234
abstract_inverted_index.examine	28
abstract_inverted_index.groups.	217
abstract_inverted_index.remains	3
abstract_inverted_index.smoking	34, 52, 83, 130, 154, 172
abstract_inverted_index.tobacco	33
abstract_inverted_index.(B=0.94,	203
abstract_inverted_index.(B=2.64,	194
abstract_inverted_index.(r=0.26,	174
abstract_inverted_index.(r=0.58,	170
abstract_inverted_index.(r=0.82,	180
abstract_inverted_index.Decayed,	73
abstract_inverted_index.Missing,	74
abstract_inverted_index.Results:	106
abstract_inverted_index.analyses	97
abstract_inverted_index.analysis	183
abstract_inverted_index.compared	86, 118, 157
abstract_inverted_index.concern.	9
abstract_inverted_index.evaluate	14
abstract_inverted_index.measured	70
abstract_inverted_index.national	227
abstract_inverted_index.utilized	45
abstract_inverted_index.Bivariate	94
abstract_inverted_index.Globally,	107
abstract_inverted_index.P=0.006),	175
abstract_inverted_index.conducted	99
abstract_inverted_index.confirmed	184
abstract_inverted_index.countries	136
abstract_inverted_index.worldwide	16
abstract_inverted_index.(P=0.009),	149
abstract_inverted_index.Low-income	135
abstract_inverted_index.correlated	166
abstract_inverted_index.countries.	93, 160
abstract_inverted_index.ecological	43
abstract_inverted_index.experience	20, 49, 68, 141, 163, 179, 190, 202, 219
abstract_inverted_index.influenced	224
abstract_inverted_index.positively	165
abstract_inverted_index.prevalence	53, 84, 127, 155, 173
abstract_inverted_index.variables.	105
abstract_inverted_index.Background:	0
abstract_inverted_index.Conclusion:	205
abstract_inverted_index.disparities	207
abstract_inverted_index.experience.	40
abstract_inverted_index.high-income	92, 159
abstract_inverted_index.population.	235
abstract_inverted_index.significant	185
abstract_inverted_index.(P<0.001)	145, 156
abstract_inverted_index.Methodology:	41
abstract_inverted_index.Multivariate	182
abstract_inverted_index.Organization	58
abstract_inverted_index.P<0.001),	171, 195
abstract_inverted_index.P<0.001).	181, 204
abstract_inverted_index.associations	186
abstract_inverted_index.distribution	17
abstract_inverted_index.multivariate	96
abstract_inverted_index.country-level	36, 168, 192
abstract_inverted_index.lower-middle,	89
abstract_inverted_index.relationships	103
abstract_inverted_index.significantly	138, 223
abstract_inverted_index.upper-middle,	90
abstract_inverted_index.classifications	62
cited_by_percentile_year
countries_distinct_count	0
institutions_distinct_count	6
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.49280615
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	False