Granitoids of the western Himalaya and Karakoram as potential geothermal reservoirs – A petrological, geochemical and petrophysical study Article Swipe
Muhammad Anees
,
Graciela Sosa
,
Alfons van den Kerkhof
,
Bernd Leiss
,
Jonas Kley
,
Mumtaz Muhammad Shah
,
Leandra Weydt
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103040
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103040
Hot springs in various granitoid and gneissic complexes in northern Pakistan indicate elevated geothermal gradients, which warrants their evaluation for geothermal applications. Evaluation of such prospects requires extensive knowledge of rock properties and their interaction with reservoir fluids. Our contribution provides first-order information on petrophysical, geochemical, and petrographic descriptions derived from outcrop analogs. About seventy samples of (mostly) granitoids and gneisses from the Nanga Parbat Massif (NPM), the Kohistan-Ladakh Batholith (KLB), and the Karakoram Batholith (KB) were collected. Biotite, K-feldspar, and plagioclase in the granitoid and gneiss show weak to moderate alteration, which increases in shear zones, suggesting fracture-assisted fluid interaction. Geochemical results indicate that the gneisses and granites of the NPM are mostly peraluminous S-type and show enrichment in most LREEs and depletion in HREEs. In addition, depleted Sr and Ba and enriched Rb and U in granites indicate partial melting and high fractionation. On the contrary, granitoids from the KLB are of calc-alkaline I-type and characterized by the depletion of REEs and the enrichment in Ba and Sr. The granitoids of the KB, due to their different magmatic histories, are more diverse, ranging from older I-type calc-alkaline granodiorite, and younger I-type alkaline syenite and S-type calc-alkaline granite. They show an overall enrichment in HREEs along with Ba, Th, Ta, Sr, and Lu. Allanites from syenite of the KB show significant concentrations of Th and U. Petrophysical measurements reveal low matrix porosities (0.6–3.5 %), with primarily average thermal conductivities (1.48–3.37 W m−1K −1) and thermal diffusivities (0.68–1.95 ∙10–6 m2 s−1), with minor variation in specific heat capacities (744–767 J kg−1 K−1). The NPM displays higher average thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and lower porosity than the KB, while the petrophysical properties of the KLB range between these two domains. The geothermal systems in the area operate due to the thickening of a granitoid-dominant crust, which is enriched with radiogenic elements. The fault zones provide channels for meteoric water to access deeply these hot and thermally conductive rocks in the subsurface. After heat exchange, the water is discharged back to the surface as hot springs. The present data set provides a better understanding of regional geothermal regimes from petrological, geochemical, and petrophysical perspectives and assists in numerical modeling for potential geothermal assessment.
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- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103040
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 5
- References
- 136
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4396820899
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
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- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103040Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Granitoids of the western Himalaya and Karakoram as potential geothermal reservoirs – A petrological, geochemical and petrophysical studyWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
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2024Year of publication
- Publication date
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2024-05-10Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Muhammad Anees, Graciela Sosa, Alfons van den Kerkhof, Bernd Leiss, Jonas Kley, Mumtaz Muhammad Shah, Leandra WeydtList of authors in order
- Landing page
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103040Publisher landing page
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103040Direct OA link when available
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Geology, Petrophysics, Geothermal gradient, Geochemistry, Petrology, Geophysics, Geotechnical engineering, PorosityTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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5Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 5Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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