GULP. II. Hierarchical Distribution and Evolution of Young Stellar Structures in NGC 4449 Article Swipe
Beena Meena
,
Elena Sabbi
,
Peter Zeidler
,
Bruce G. Elmegreen
,
J. J. Eldridge
,
Varun Bajaj
,
Mario Gennaro
,
A. Pasquali
,
D. M. Elmegreen
,
Ralf S. Klessen
,
L. J. Smith
,
L. Bianchi
,
Aida Wofford
,
Pietro Facchini
,
J. S. Gallagher
,
Daniela Calzetti
,
E. K. Grebel
,
Angela Adamo
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add475
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add475
We investigate the hierarchical distribution and evolution of young stellar structures in the dwarf starburst galaxy NGC 4449 using data from the GULP survey. By analyzing the spatial distribution of field stars younger than 100 Myr, we identify large-scale stellar complexes and substructures using HDBSCAN—a density-based clustering algorithm—and trace their evolution over time. While comparing these stellar structures in different regions of the galaxy, we find that the central bar-like region shows a clear expansion of the structures within the first ∼60 Myr, while the arm-like structure in the northeast shows no discernible trend, possibly due to external perturbations from tidal interactions with a neighboring galaxy. An age-dependent two-point correlation function (TPCF) analysis shows that young stars exhibit a strong hierarchical distribution, with clustering strength decreasing over time. The power-law slope of the TPCF, which starts at α ∼ 0.65 for stars younger than 5 Myr, shows a slight decline to α ∼ 0.4 for stars older than 50 Myr, though it does not reach a completely flat (random) distribution. This trend indicates a subtle weakening of structural hierarchy among young (<100 Myr) stars, which is primarily driven by internal stellar motions. Future work will extend this analysis to the remaining 26 galaxies in the GULP survey to better constrain the role of the galactic environment in shaping the hierarchical evolution of young stellar populations.
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- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add475
- OA Status
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- Cited By
- 1
- References
- 109
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
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https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add475Digital Object Identifier
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GULP. II. Hierarchical Distribution and Evolution of Young Stellar Structures in NGC 4449Work title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
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2025Year of publication
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2025-06-25Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Beena Meena, Elena Sabbi, Peter Zeidler, Bruce G. Elmegreen, J. J. Eldridge, Varun Bajaj, Mario Gennaro, A. Pasquali, D. M. Elmegreen, Ralf S. Klessen, L. J. Smith, L. Bianchi, Aida Wofford, Pietro Facchini, J. S. Gallagher, Daniela Calzetti, E. K. Grebel, Angela AdamoList of authors in order
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https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add475Publisher landing page
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add475Direct OA link when available
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1Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.not | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 3, 13, 22, 27, 63, 68, 77, 80, 85, 89, 133, 200, 205, 211, 214, 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.∼ | 139, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.65 | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.4449 | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.GULP | 23, 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Myr) | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Myr, | 36, 83, 146, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.does | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.find | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flat | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 21, 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 52, 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.role | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 34, 144, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 67, 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.will | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 103, 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.TPCF, | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.While | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.among | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clear | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dwarf | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.field | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.older | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reach | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shows | 72, 91, 114, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.slope | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stars | 32, 117, 142, 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tidal | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time. | 53, 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trace | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trend | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 19, 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 135, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.young | 9, 116, 181, 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.∼60 | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(TPCF) | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Future | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.better | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.driven | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extend | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.galaxy | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.region | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.slight | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stars, | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.starts | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strong | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.subtle | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.survey | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.though | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trend, | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.central | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decline | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exhibit | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.galaxy, | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.galaxy. | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regions | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shaping | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spatial | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stellar | 10, 40, 57, 191, 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.survey. | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.younger | 33, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(<100 | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(random) | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 113, 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.arm-like | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bar-like | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.external | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.function | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.galactic | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.galaxies | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identify | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.internal | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.motions. | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.possibly | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strength | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyzing | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparing | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complexes | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constrain | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evolution | 7, 51, 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.expansion | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hierarchy | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicates | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.northeast | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.power-law | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.primarily | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.remaining | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.starburst | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structure | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two-point | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.weakening | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clustering | 47, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.completely | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decreasing | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structural | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structures | 11, 58, 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HDBSCAN—a | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.correlation | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discernible | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environment | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigate | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.large-scale | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.neighboring | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distribution | 5, 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hierarchical | 4, 121, 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interactions | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.populations. | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.age-dependent | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.density-based | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distribution, | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distribution. | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perturbations | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.substructures | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algorithm—and | 48 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 95 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 91 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5034838591, https://openalex.org/A5117096716, https://openalex.org/A5059215546, https://openalex.org/A5048403627, https://openalex.org/A5062809181, https://openalex.org/A5015480869, https://openalex.org/A5078850415, https://openalex.org/A5051735253, https://openalex.org/A5018469347, https://openalex.org/A5046542505, https://openalex.org/A5075591111, https://openalex.org/A5070481347, https://openalex.org/A5051840211, https://openalex.org/A5004342345, https://openalex.org/A5052821750, https://openalex.org/A5043063645, https://openalex.org/A5006998321, https://openalex.org/A5012909087 |
| countries_distinct_count | 6 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 18 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I126820664, https://openalex.org/I1297127228, https://openalex.org/I135310074, https://openalex.org/I136199984, https://openalex.org/I145311948, https://openalex.org/I154130895, https://openalex.org/I161593684, https://openalex.org/I223822909, https://openalex.org/I24603500, https://openalex.org/I2800720467, https://openalex.org/I3130643134, https://openalex.org/I4210118524, https://openalex.org/I4210124175, https://openalex.org/I4210135511, https://openalex.org/I4210141577, https://openalex.org/I4389424196, https://openalex.org/I8961855 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.87147693 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |