Hansen’s Disease in Ecuador: Current Status, Knowledge Gaps, and Research Priorities: A Literature Review Article Swipe
Manuel Calvopiña Hinojosa
,
Juan S. Izquierdo‐Condoy
,
Esteban Ortíz-Prado
,
Jorge Vásconez-González
,
Lorena Vaca
,
Elías David Guamán Charco
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080832
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080832
Background: Hansen’s disease or leprosy is one of the 21 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). In Ecuador, leprosy is considered eliminated as a public health problem; however, new cases are reported annually. Additionally, Mycobacterium leprae infection was detected in nine-banded armadillos across the country, suggesting a potential zoonotic reservoir. This literature review aims to provide an updated overview of the epidemiological situation of leprosy in Ecuador, identify knowledge gaps, and outline research priorities to support the development of a comprehensive national strategy for achieving zero autochthonous cases. Methods: This article analyses the current situation of leprosy in Ecuador based on international and national publications. A retrospective literature search using five international, regional, and national publications on leprosy published between 1954 and 2024 (70 years) with no restriction on language or publication date, was performed. Findings: Our review identified 28 publications with the earliest article dating back to 1954. Of these, 14 were published in international journals, 15 (53.6%) were in Spanish. Four nationwide studies documented leprosy cases across Ecuador’s three continental regions (Coast, Andes, and Amazon) with a predominance in the tropical coast. No cases have been reported from the Galápagos Islands. From 1983, Ecuador started multi-drug therapy. Data from the Ministry of Public Health (MoH) system identified 1539 incident cases, showing a significant decline in new cases from 2000 to 2024, with no cases in children. New cases detection rate by 100,000 inhabitants was 0.51 in 2019 according to the World Health Organization (WHO). No study has genotyped the Mycobacterium spp. in human cases, other animal species, or environment. According to the MoH, multibacillary leprosy accounts for 78.95% of diagnosed cases, with confirmation based on Ziehl–Neelsen staining and histopathology. No survey has assessed disabilities, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) or stigma related to leprosy. Research is needed on transmission routes, Mycobacterium genotyping, genetic susceptibility, and antibiotic resistance. BCG vaccination coverage fell to 75.3% in 2021. Cases are currently diagnosed and treated on an outpatient basis in large hospitals. Conclusions: This comprehensive review highlights persistent gaps in leprosy research and critical information, despite seven decades of documented cases in Ecuador. The disease is still endemic across the country, particularly at subnational level in the subtropics and tropics of the Pacific coast and the Amazon. There is a need for nationwide epidemiological research on reservoirs and the environment applying the One Health concept. Increased laboratory facilities and readily available official data are required to improve our understanding of leprosy in Ecuador. Strengthening community-level efforts is essential for Ecuador to meet the targets of the “WHO’s Towards Zero Leprosy: Strategy 2021–2030.”
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Metadata
- Type
- review
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080832
- https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/8/832/pdf?version=1755776953
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 44
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4413434239
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4413434239Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080832Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Hansen’s Disease in Ecuador: Current Status, Knowledge Gaps, and Research Priorities: A Literature ReviewWork title
- Type
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reviewOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
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2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-08-21Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Manuel Calvopiña Hinojosa, Juan S. Izquierdo‐Condoy, Esteban Ortíz-Prado, Jorge Vásconez-González, Lorena Vaca, Elías David Guamán CharcoList of authors in order
- Landing page
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https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080832Publisher landing page
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https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/8/832/pdf?version=1755776953Direct link to full text PDF
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/8/832/pdf?version=1755776953Direct OA link when available
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Leprosy, Public health, Geography, Epidemiology, Tropical disease, Neglected tropical diseases, Disease, Christian ministry, Environmental health, Medicine, Socioeconomics, Environmental protection, Political science, Pathology, Sociology, LawTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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0Total citation count in OpenAlex
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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