HIV-1 genetic diversity and demographic characteristics in Bulgaria Article Swipe
Erik Billings
,
Richard A. Heipertz
,
Tonka Varleva
,
Eric Sanders‐Buell
,
Anne Marie O’Sullivan
,
Meera Bose
,
Shana Howell
,
Gustavo H. Kijak
,
Hristo Taskov
,
Ivailo Elenkov
,
M. Ненова
,
N Popivanova
,
Aimee Bolen Valenzuela
,
Otha Myles
,
Christian T. Bautista
,
Merlin L. Robb
,
Nelson L. Michael
,
Jérôme H. Kim
,
Paul T. Scott
,
Sodsai Tovanabutra
,
Julie A. Ake
·
YOU?
·
· 2019
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217063
YOU?
·
· 2019
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217063
HIV-1 strain diversity in Bulgaria is extensive and includes contributions from nearly all major subtypes and the Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRF): 01_AE, 02_AG, and 05_DF. Prior to this study, HIV-1 sequence information from Bulgaria has been based solely on the pro-RT gene, which represent less than 15% of the viral genome. To further characterize HIV-1 in Bulgaria, assess participant risk behaviors, and strengthen knowledge of circulating strains in the region, the study "Genetic Subtypes of HIV-1 in Bulgaria (RV240)" was conducted. This study employed the real time-PCR based Multi-region Hybridization Assay (MHA) B/non-B and HIV-1 sequencing to survey 215 of the approximately 1100 known HIV-1 infected Bulgarian adults (2008-2009) and determine if they were infected with subtype B HIV-1. The results indicated a subtype B prevalence of 40% and demonstrate the application of the MHA B/non-B in an area containing broad HIV-1 strain diversity. Within the assessed risk behaviors, the proportion of subtype B infection was greatest in men who have sex with men and lowest among those with drug use risk factors. During this study, 15 near full-length genomes and 22 envelope sequences were isolated from study participants. Phylogenetic analysis shows the presence of subtypes A1, B, C, F1, and G, CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, CRF05_DF, and one unique recombinant form (URF). These sequences also show the presence of two strain groups containing participants with similar risk factors. Previous studies in African and Asian cohorts have shown that co-circulation of multiple subtypes can lead to viral recombination within super-infected individuals and the emergence of new URFs. The low prevalence of URFs in the presence of high subtype diversity in this study, may be the result of successful infection prevention and control programs. Continued epidemiological monitoring and support of infection prevention programs will help maintain control of the HIV-1 epidemic in Bulgaria.
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- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217063
- https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217063&type=printable
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 5
- References
- 26
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W2947817958
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W2947817958Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217063Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
HIV-1 genetic diversity and demographic characteristics in BulgariaWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2019Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2019-05-28Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Erik Billings, Richard A. Heipertz, Tonka Varleva, Eric Sanders‐Buell, Anne Marie O’Sullivan, Meera Bose, Shana Howell, Gustavo H. Kijak, Hristo Taskov, Ivailo Elenkov, M. Ненова, N Popivanova, Aimee Bolen Valenzuela, Otha Myles, Christian T. Bautista, Merlin L. Robb, Nelson L. Michael, Jérôme H. Kim, Paul T. Scott, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Julie A. AkeList of authors in order
- Landing page
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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217063Publisher landing page
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https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217063&type=printableDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
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YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217063&type=printableDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
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Phylogenetic tree, Biology, Genetic diversity, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Virology, Strain (injury), Genome, Lentivirus, Genetics, Phylogenetics, Gene, Medicine, Viral disease, Population, Environmental health, AnatomyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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5Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 1, 2022: 1, 2021: 2, 2020: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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26Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5001108158, https://openalex.org/A5023879482, https://openalex.org/A5037313711, https://openalex.org/A5036265394, https://openalex.org/A5001063157, https://openalex.org/A5072674613, https://openalex.org/A5026741727, https://openalex.org/A5021655886, https://openalex.org/A5052150473, https://openalex.org/A5080524110, https://openalex.org/A5012110068, https://openalex.org/A5091458533, https://openalex.org/A5076820552, https://openalex.org/A5070845893, https://openalex.org/A5072942911, https://openalex.org/A5032107525, https://openalex.org/A5008917974, https://openalex.org/A5066315416, https://openalex.org/A5074342651, https://openalex.org/A5069023464, https://openalex.org/A5066172719 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 21 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1280259254, https://openalex.org/I4210096790, https://openalex.org/I4210105212, https://openalex.org/I4210165578, https://openalex.org/I92664306 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8399999737739563 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Good health and well-being |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.61716792 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |