How infant brains fold: Sulcal deepening is linked to development of sulcal span, thickness, curvature, and microstructure Article Swipe
Sarah Tung
,
Xiaoqian Yan
,
Bella Fascendini
,
Christina Tyagi
,
Charleny Martinez Reyes
,
Keithan Ducre
,
Karla Perez
,
Ahmad Allen
,
Juliet Horenziak
,
Hua Wu
,
Boris Keil
,
Vaidehi Natu
,
Kalanit Grill‐Spector
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.18.649604
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.18.649604
Cortical folding begins in utero as sulci emerge and continues postnatally as sulci deepen. However, the timeline and mechanisms underlying postnatal sulcal development remain unknown. Using structural and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in infants from birth to one year of age, we longitudinally measured macroanatomical and microstructural development in major sulci that emerge in utero between the 16th and 31st gestational weeks. We find that sulci that emerge earlier in utero are deeper at birth and deepen at a slower rate postnatally than later emerging sulci. Sulci also become wider, thicker, and microstructurally denser, while their curvature decreases. Notably, mean sulcal depth is predicted by a weighted sum of sulcal span, thickness, curvature, and tissue microstructure, with differential weights across sulci. Analysis of local depth along the sulcus also reveals that deeper portions of sulci (fundi) have higher curvature and higher microstructural density than the surrounding sulcal walls. These data reveal that postnatal sulcal deepening is nonuniform and depends on the time of emergence in utero, tissue microstructure, and multiple macroanatomical factors. Together, these findings have important ramifications for theories of cortical folding and elucidating neurodevelopmental disorders and delays.
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Metadata
- Type
- preprint
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.18.649604
- https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/04/21/2025.04.18.649604.full.pdf
- OA Status
- green
- Cited By
- 2
- References
- 74
- Related Works
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- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4409727072
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Raw OpenAlex JSON
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https://openalex.org/W4409727072Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.18.649604Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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How infant brains fold: Sulcal deepening is linked to development of sulcal span, thickness, curvature, and microstructureWork title
- Type
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preprintOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-04-21Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Sarah Tung, Xiaoqian Yan, Bella Fascendini, Christina Tyagi, Charleny Martinez Reyes, Keithan Ducre, Karla Perez, Ahmad Allen, Juliet Horenziak, Hua Wu, Boris Keil, Vaidehi Natu, Kalanit Grill‐SpectorList of authors in order
- Landing page
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https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.18.649604Publisher landing page
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https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/04/21/2025.04.18.649604.full.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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greenOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/04/21/2025.04.18.649604.full.pdfDirect OA link when available
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Fold (higher-order function), Curvature, Geology, Geometry, Mathematics, Engineering, Mechanical engineeringTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
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2Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 2Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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74Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.their | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.utero | 5, 55, 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.become | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.begins | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deepen | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deeper | 73, 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emerge | 8, 53, 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 138, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.remain | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reveal | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.slower | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sulcal | 22, 101, 110, 147, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sulci. | 86, 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sulcus | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tissue | 115, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.utero, | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.walls. | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.weeks. | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wider, | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(fundi) | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deepen. | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.delays. | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.denser, | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.density | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.depends | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.earlier | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.folding | 2, 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.imaging | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infants | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reveals | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.weights | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Analysis | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Cortical | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Notably, | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cortical | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emerging | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factors. | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.magnetic | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measured | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multiple | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.portions | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.theories | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thicker, | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.timeline | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unknown. | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.weighted | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Together, | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.continues | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.curvature | 97, 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deepening | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disorders | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emergence | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.important | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.postnatal | 21, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predicted | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resonance | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.curvature, | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decreases. | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mechanisms | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nonuniform | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structural | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thickness, | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.underlying | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.development | 23, 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.elucidating | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gestational | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.postnatally | 11, 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.surrounding | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.differential | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quantitative | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ramifications | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.longitudinally | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.macroanatomical | 45, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microstructural | 47, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microstructure, | 116, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microstructurally | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.neurodevelopmental | 186 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 95 |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 13 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.97220292 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | True |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |