Human feeding biomechanics: performance, variation, and functional constraints Article Swipe
Justin A. Ledogar
,
Paul C. Dechow
,
Qian Wang
,
Poorva Gharpure
,
Adam D. Gordon
,
Karen L. Baab
,
Amanda L. Smith
,
Gerhard W. Weber
,
Ian R. Grosse
,
Callum F. Ross
,
Brian G. Richmond
,
Barth W. Wright
,
Craig Byron
,
Stephen Wroe
,
David S. Strait
·
YOU?
·
· 2016
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2242
YOU?
·
· 2016
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2242
The evolution of the modern human ( Homo sapiens ) cranium is characterized by a reduction in the size of the feeding system, including reductions in the size of the facial skeleton, postcanine teeth, and the muscles involved in biting and chewing. The conventional view hypothesizes that gracilization of the human feeding system is related to a shift toward eating foods that were less mechanically challenging to consume and/or foods that were processed using tools before being ingested. This hypothesis predicts that human feeding systems should not be well-configured to produce forceful bites and that the cranium should be structurally weak. An alternate hypothesis, based on the observation that humans have mechanically efficient jaw adductors, states that the modern human face is adapted to generate and withstand high biting forces. We used finite element analysis (FEA) to test two opposing mechanical hypotheses: that compared to our closest living relative, chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ), the modern human craniofacial skeleton is (1) less well configured, or (2) better configured to generate and withstand high magnitude bite forces. We considered intraspecific variation in our examination of human feeding biomechanics by examining a sample of geographically diverse crania that differed notably in shape. We found that our biomechanical models of human crania had broadly similar mechanical behavior despite their shape variation and were, on average, less structurally stiff than the crania of chimpanzees during unilateral biting when loaded with physiologically-scaled muscle loads. Our results also show that modern humans are efficient producers of bite force, consistent with previous analyses. However, highly tensile reaction forces were generated at the working (biting) side jaw joint during unilateral molar bites in which the chewing muscles were recruited with bilateral symmetry. In life, such a configuration would have increased the risk of joint dislocation and constrained the maximum recruitment levels of the masticatory muscles on the balancing (non-biting) side of the head. Our results do not necessarily conflict with the hypothesis that anterior tooth (incisors, canines, premolars) biting could have been selectively important in humans, although the reduced size of the premolars in humans has been shown to increase the risk of tooth crown fracture. We interpret our results to suggest that human craniofacial evolution was probably not driven by selection for high magnitude unilateral biting, and that increased masticatory muscle efficiency in humans is likely to be a secondary byproduct of selection for some function unrelated to forceful biting behaviors. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a shift to softer foods and/or the innovation of pre-oral food processing techniques relaxed selective pressures maintaining craniofacial features that favor forceful biting and chewing behaviors, leading to the characteristically small and gracile faces of modern humans.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2242
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 55
- References
- 133
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W2410999202
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W2410999202Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2242Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Human feeding biomechanics: performance, variation, and functional constraintsWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2016Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2016-07-26Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Justin A. Ledogar, Paul C. Dechow, Qian Wang, Poorva Gharpure, Adam D. Gordon, Karen L. Baab, Amanda L. Smith, Gerhard W. Weber, Ian R. Grosse, Callum F. Ross, Brian G. Richmond, Barth W. Wright, Craig Byron, Stephen Wroe, David S. StraitList of authors in order
- Landing page
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https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2242Publisher landing page
- Open access
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YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
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https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2242Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Crania, Biting, Bite force quotient, Homo sapiens, Biomechanics, Hominidae, Human evolution, Variation (astronomy), Primate, Terrestrial locomotion, Biology, Feeding behavior, Evolutionary biology, Anatomy, Ecology, Biological evolution, Zoology, Geography, Physics, Genetics, Archaeology, AstrophysicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
55Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 5, 2024: 5, 2023: 8, 2022: 2, 2021: 7Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
133Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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