Impact of a HVDC Link on the Reliability of the Bulk Nigerian Transmission Network Article Swipe
Omowumi Grace Olasunkanmi
,
Waliu Olalekan Apena
,
Andrew R. Barron
,
Alvin Orbaek White
,
Grazia Todeschini
·
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249631
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249631
Regular and reliable access to energy is critical to the foundations of a stable and growing economy. The Nigerian transmission network generates more electricity than is consumed but, due to unpredicted outages, customers are often left without electrical power for several hours during the year. This paper aims to assess the present reliability indices of the Nigerian transmission network, and to determine the impact of HVDCs on system reliability. In the first part of this paper, the reliability of the Nigerian transmission system is quantified by building a model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory and carrying out a reliability study based on data provided by the Nigerian transmission-system operator. Both network indices and load-point indices are evaluated, and the weakest points in the network are identified. In the second part of the paper, an HVDC model is built and integrated into the existing network at the locations identified by the reliability study. A comparative study using two different HVDC connections is then carried out, to determine the critical impact of HVDC on system reliability. The reliability results indicate that the weakest points of the transmission system are the radial feeders, and the highest impact could be achieved by spanning an HVDC line between two busbars located at the two extremes of a radial feeder: Azura and Yola.
Related Topics
Concepts
Reliability (semiconductor)
Busbar
Electric power transmission
Transmission (telecommunications)
Reliability engineering
Transmission system
Electric power system
Transmission network
Electricity
Transmission line
Electrical network
Engineering
Power transmission
Power (physics)
Computer science
Telecommunications
Electrical engineering
Physics
Quantum mechanics
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249631
- https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/24/9631/pdf?version=1671697438
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 1
- References
- 23
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4313411024
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4313411024Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249631Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Impact of a HVDC Link on the Reliability of the Bulk Nigerian Transmission NetworkWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2022Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2022-12-19Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Omowumi Grace Olasunkanmi, Waliu Olalekan Apena, Andrew R. Barron, Alvin Orbaek White, Grazia TodeschiniList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249631Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/24/9631/pdf?version=1671697438Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/24/9631/pdf?version=1671697438Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Reliability (semiconductor), Busbar, Electric power transmission, Transmission (telecommunications), Reliability engineering, Transmission system, Electric power system, Transmission network, Electricity, Transmission line, Electrical network, Engineering, Power transmission, Power (physics), Computer science, Telecommunications, Electrical engineering, Physics, Quantum mechanicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
1Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2024: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
23Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4313411024 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249631 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249631 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4313411024 |
| fwci | 0.18318125 |
| type | article |
| title | Impact of a HVDC Link on the Reliability of the Bulk Nigerian Transmission Network |
| biblio.issue | 24 |
| biblio.volume | 15 |
| biblio.last_page | 9631 |
| biblio.first_page | 9631 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11941 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9995999932289124 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2213 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality |
| topics[0].display_name | Power System Reliability and Maintenance |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11102 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9970999956130981 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | HVDC Systems and Fault Protection |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10454 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9894000291824341 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Optimal Power Flow Distribution |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2200 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2382 |
| apc_paid.value | 2200 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2382 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C43214815 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8314530849456787 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Reliability (semiconductor) |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C192690417 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7461907863616943 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030817 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Busbar |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C140311924 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6136038303375244 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200928 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Electric power transmission |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C761482 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.6121640801429749 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Transmission (telecommunications) |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C200601418 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.601161003112793 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Reliability engineering |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C113608303 |
| concepts[5].level | 3 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5914630889892578 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056835 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Transmission system |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C89227174 |
| concepts[6].level | 3 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.5906837582588196 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Electric power system |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C2986640423 |
| concepts[7].level | 3 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.487703412771225 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200928 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Transmission network |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C206658404 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4670765697956085 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Electricity |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C33441834 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.4621698558330536 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693004 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Transmission line |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C196796808 |
| concepts[10].level | 2 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.45289722084999084 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132629 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Electrical network |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[11].level | 0 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.4410087466239929 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C92018576 |
| concepts[12].level | 3 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.431182324886322 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3242194 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Power transmission |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C163258240 |
| concepts[13].level | 2 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.3625909090042114 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Power (physics) |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[14].level | 0 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.35962504148483276 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C76155785 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.22963523864746094 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Telecommunications |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C119599485 |
| concepts[16].level | 1 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.18213623762130737 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[17].level | 0 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C62520636 |
| concepts[18].level | 1 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8314530849456787 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Reliability (semiconductor) |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/busbar |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7461907863616943 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Busbar |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-transmission |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6136038303375244 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Electric power transmission |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission |
| keywords[3].score | 0.6121640801429749 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Transmission (telecommunications) |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering |
| keywords[4].score | 0.601161003112793 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Reliability engineering |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-system |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5914630889892578 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Transmission system |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system |
| keywords[6].score | 0.5906837582588196 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Electric power system |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-network |
| keywords[7].score | 0.487703412771225 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Transmission network |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4670765697956085 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Electricity |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-line |
| keywords[9].score | 0.4621698558330536 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Transmission line |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-network |
| keywords[10].score | 0.45289722084999084 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Electrical network |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[11].score | 0.4410087466239929 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/power-transmission |
| keywords[12].score | 0.431182324886322 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Power transmission |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/power |
| keywords[13].score | 0.3625909090042114 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Power (physics) |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[14].score | 0.35962504148483276 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications |
| keywords[15].score | 0.22963523864746094 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Telecommunications |
| keywords[16].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering |
| keywords[16].score | 0.18213623762130737 |
| keywords[16].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/en15249631 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S198098182 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1996-1073 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1996-1073 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Energies |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/24/9631/pdf?version=1671697438 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Energies |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249631 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/47970d1b-4685-4de8-9a32-3b7bcf3c7102 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400063 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | Scopus (Elsevier) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | |
| locations[1].license | other-oa |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Olasunkanmi , O G , Apena , W O , Barron , A R , White , A O & Todeschini , G 2022 , ' Impact of a HVDC Link on the Reliability of the Bulk Nigerian Transmission Network ' , Energies , vol. 15 , no. 24 , 9631 . https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249631 |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85144624273&partnerID=8YFLogxK |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1996-1073/15/24/9631/ |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400947 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | MDPI (MDPI AG) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[2].license | cc-by |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | Text |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Energies; Volume 15; Issue 24; Pages: 9631 |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249631 |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6ccc758b5c0949bdb4104c5e441d4fba |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | |
| locations[3].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | article |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | Energies, Vol 15, Iss 24, p 9631 (2022) |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/6ccc758b5c0949bdb4104c5e441d4fba |
| locations[4].id | pmh:oai:cronfa.swan.ac.uk:cronfa62192 |
| locations[4].is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401612 |
| locations[4].source.issn | |
| locations[4].source.type | repository |
| locations[4].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[4].source.issn_l | |
| locations[4].source.is_core | False |
| locations[4].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[4].source.display_name | Cronfa (Swansea University) |
| locations[4].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I39586589 |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_name | Swansea University |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I39586589 |
| locations[4].license | cc-by |
| locations[4].pdf_url | |
| locations[4].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[4].raw_type | Journal article |
| locations[4].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[4].is_accepted | False |
| locations[4].is_published | False |
| locations[4].raw_source_name | |
| locations[4].landing_page_url | https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa62192 |
| locations[5].id | pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/47970d1b-4685-4de8-9a32-3b7bcf3c7102 |
| locations[5].is_oa | True |
| locations[5].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400216 |
| locations[5].source.issn | |
| locations[5].source.type | repository |
| locations[5].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[5].source.issn_l | |
| locations[5].source.is_core | False |
| locations[5].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[5].source.display_name | Research Portal (King's College London) |
| locations[5].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I183935753 |
| locations[5].source.host_organization_name | King's College London |
| locations[5].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I183935753 |
| locations[5].license | cc-by |
| locations[5].pdf_url | |
| locations[5].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[5].raw_type | |
| locations[5].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[5].is_accepted | False |
| locations[5].is_published | False |
| locations[5].raw_source_name | |
| locations[5].landing_page_url | https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/impact-of-a-hvdc-link-on-the-reliability-of-the-bulk-nigerian-transmission-network(47970d1b-4685-4de8-9a32-3b7bcf3c7102).html |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5004480370 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Omowumi Grace Olasunkanmi |
| authorships[0].countries | GB |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I39586589, https://openalex.org/I4210113874 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210113874 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/026znxe07 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I39586589, https://openalex.org/I4210113874 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Energy Safety Research Institute |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I39586589 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/053fq8t95 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I39586589 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | Swansea University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Omowumi Grace Olasunkanmi |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5064984502 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Waliu Olalekan Apena |
| authorships[1].countries | NG |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I180664298 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Engineering and Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340110, Nigeria |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I180664298 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01pvx8v81 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I180664298 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | NG |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Federal University of Technology |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Waliu O. Apena |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Engineering and Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340110, Nigeria |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5058660064 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-8288 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Andrew R. Barron |
| authorships[2].countries | GB |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I39586589, https://openalex.org/I4210113874 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210113874 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/026znxe07 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I39586589, https://openalex.org/I4210113874 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Energy Safety Research Institute |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I39586589 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/053fq8t95 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I39586589 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name | Swansea University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Andrew R. Barron |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5053550153 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6338-5970 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Alvin Orbaek White |
| authorships[3].countries | GB |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I39586589, https://openalex.org/I4210113874 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210113874 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/026znxe07 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I39586589, https://openalex.org/I4210113874 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Energy Safety Research Institute |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I39586589 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/053fq8t95 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I39586589 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].display_name | Swansea University |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Alvin Orbaek White |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5052292930 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9411-0726 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Grazia Todeschini |
| authorships[4].countries | GB |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I39586589, https://openalex.org/I4210113874 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I183935753 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Engineering, The Strand, King's College, London WCR2 2LS, UK |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210113874 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/026znxe07 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I39586589, https://openalex.org/I4210113874 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Energy Safety Research Institute |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I183935753 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/0220mzb33 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I124357947, https://openalex.org/I183935753 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].display_name | King's College London |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I39586589 |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/053fq8t95 |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I39586589 |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].country_code | GB |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].display_name | Swansea University |
| authorships[4].author_position | last |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Grazia Todeschini |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Engineering, The Strand, King's College, London WCR2 2LS, UK, Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/24/9631/pdf?version=1671697438 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2023-01-06T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Impact of a HVDC Link on the Reliability of the Bulk Nigerian Transmission Network |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11941 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9995999932289124 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2213 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality |
| primary_topic.display_name | Power System Reliability and Maintenance |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2384975577, https://openalex.org/W3135260911, https://openalex.org/W2377726350, https://openalex.org/W2341949249, https://openalex.org/W2560361912, https://openalex.org/W3113500195, https://openalex.org/W2730791322, https://openalex.org/W2097542117, https://openalex.org/W417665783, https://openalex.org/W3021677807 |
| cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 6 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/en15249631 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S198098182 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1996-1073 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1996-1073 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Energies |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/24/9631/pdf?version=1671697438 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Energies |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249631 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/en15249631 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S198098182 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1996-1073 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1996-1073 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Energies |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/24/9631/pdf?version=1671697438 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Energies |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249631 |
| publication_date | 2022-12-19 |
| publication_year | 2022 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W4224052816, https://openalex.org/W6688605800, https://openalex.org/W6753800510, https://openalex.org/W6780209093, https://openalex.org/W4285092140, https://openalex.org/W4206027559, https://openalex.org/W3022764478, https://openalex.org/W2103606537, https://openalex.org/W6755998661, https://openalex.org/W2934824878, https://openalex.org/W4252856988, https://openalex.org/W2901559329, https://openalex.org/W3202115366, https://openalex.org/W2742240265, https://openalex.org/W2949851680, https://openalex.org/W3147419983, https://openalex.org/W2783904268, https://openalex.org/W2156232631, https://openalex.org/W2558359552, https://openalex.org/W2901551017, https://openalex.org/W2218903130, https://openalex.org/W4295151803, https://openalex.org/W2884972889 |
| referenced_works_count | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 12, 87, 95, 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 69, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 131, 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 142, 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 85, 102, 146, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 89, 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 6, 25, 83, 134, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 11, 54, 64, 73, 78, 128, 167, 180, 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 66, 99, 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 4, 8, 29, 48, 60, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 17, 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 1, 14, 59, 92, 110, 115, 136, 188, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 33, 113, 122, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.out | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 9, 43, 50, 55, 62, 70, 76, 79, 103, 116, 120, 125, 129, 139, 143, 147, 164, 177, 181, 185, 189, 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two | 154, 201, 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Both | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HVDC | 132, 156, 168, 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aims | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.but, | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.left | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.line | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.out, | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.part | 72, 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.then | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Azura | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HVDCs | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Yola. | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.built | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.could | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hours | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 88, 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.often | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.power | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 97, 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.year. | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.access | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assess | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.during | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.energy | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impact | 63, 166, 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper, | 75, 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.points | 118, 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.radial | 186, 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.second | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stable | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study. | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system | 67, 82, 170, 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Regular | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.busbars | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.carried | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feeder: | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.growing | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highest | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indices | 53, 109, 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.located | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.network | 20, 108, 121, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.several | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.weakest | 117, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.without | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Nigerian | 18, 56, 80, 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieved | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.building | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.carrying | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consumed | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.critical | 7, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.economy. | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.existing | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extremes | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feeders, | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicate | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.network, | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.outages, | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provided | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reliable | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spanning | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.DIgSILENT | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.customers | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determine | 61, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generates | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.locations | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operator. | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electrical | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluated, | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identified | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.integrated | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.load-point | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quantified | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparative | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.connections | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electricity | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.foundations | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identified. | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reliability | 52, 77, 96, 148, 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unpredicted | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.PowerFactory | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reliability. | 68, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transmission | 19, 57, 81, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transmission-system | 105 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 94 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 90 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5052292930 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I183935753, https://openalex.org/I39586589, https://openalex.org/I4210113874 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8299999833106995 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Affordable and clean energy |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.50530702 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |