Impact of Effective Compression Ratio on Gasoline-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Engine Using Variable Valve Actuation Article Swipe
Andrew Ickes
,
Reed Hanson
,
Thomas Wallner
·
YOU?
·
· 2015
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1796
YOU?
·
· 2015
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1796
Dual-fuel combustion using port-injected gasoline with a direct diesel injection has been shown to achieve low-temperature combustion with moderate peak pressure rise rates, low engine-out soot and NOx emissions, and high indicated thermal efficiency. A key requirement for extending high-load operation is moderating the reactivity of the premixed charge prior to the diesel injection. Reducing compression ratio, in conjunction with a higher expansion ratio using alternative valve timings, decreases compressed charge reactivity while maintain a high expansion ratio for maximum work extraction.Experimental testing was conducted on a 13L multi-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine modified to operate dual-fuel combustion with port gasoline injection to supplement the direct diesel injection. The engine employs intake variable valve actuation (VVA) for early (EIVC) or late (LIVC) intake valve closing to yield reduced effective compression ratio. Testing was conducted at a mid-load operating condition using a gasoline-diesel dual-fuel operating strategy. The impact on dual-fuel engine performance and emissions with respect to varying effective compression ratio is quantified within this study.As effective compression ratio is reduced, overall massflow through the engine decreases, yielding both higher gas exchange efficiencies and increased heat transfer losses. With constant combustion phasing gasoline/diesel fueling fraction, and NOx emissions held constant, overall brake thermal efficiency remains relatively constant across effective compression ratios.
Related Topics
Concepts
Automotive engineering
Gasoline
Compression ratio
Dual (grammatical number)
Heavy duty
Diesel fuel
Diesel cycle
Combustion
Petrol engine
Compression (physics)
Homogeneous charge compression ignition
Variable (mathematics)
Internal combustion engine
Environmental science
Materials science
Waste management
Engineering
Combustion chamber
Chemistry
Composite material
Organic chemistry
Art
Literature
Mathematics
Mathematical analysis
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1796
- OA Status
- green
- Cited By
- 21
- References
- 32
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W2183236081
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W2183236081Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1796Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Impact of Effective Compression Ratio on Gasoline-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Engine Using Variable Valve ActuationWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2015Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2015-09-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Andrew Ickes, Reed Hanson, Thomas WallnerList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1796Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
greenOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1502862Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Automotive engineering, Gasoline, Compression ratio, Dual (grammatical number), Heavy duty, Diesel fuel, Diesel cycle, Combustion, Petrol engine, Compression (physics), Homogeneous charge compression ignition, Variable (mathematics), Internal combustion engine, Environmental science, Materials science, Waste management, Engineering, Combustion chamber, Chemistry, Composite material, Organic chemistry, Art, Literature, Mathematics, Mathematical analysisTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
21Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 1, 2024: 2, 2023: 2, 2022: 1, 2021: 2Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
32Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W2183236081 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1796 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1796 |
| ids.mag | 2183236081 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W2183236081 |
| fwci | 1.99790928 |
| type | article |
| title | Impact of Effective Compression Ratio on Gasoline-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Engine Using Variable Valve Actuation |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 1 |
| biblio.last_page | |
| biblio.first_page | |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10117 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/15 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Chemical Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998000264167786 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1507 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes |
| topics[0].display_name | Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10507 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9984999895095825 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2204 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Biomedical Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Biodiesel Production and Applications |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T12095 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9810000061988831 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2203 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Automotive Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Vehicle emissions and performance |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C171146098 |
| concepts[0].level | 1 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7915669083595276 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Automotive engineering |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C103697071 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6948193907737732 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39558 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Gasoline |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C25797200 |
| concepts[2].level | 3 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6871244311332703 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828137 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Compression ratio |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C2780980858 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.6800134778022766 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Dual (grammatical number) |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2993573757 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.6404015421867371 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3784054 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Heavy duty |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C138171918 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.6249010562896729 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Diesel fuel |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C71034217 |
| concepts[6].level | 4 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.5061156153678894 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142663 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Diesel cycle |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C105923489 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4867880046367645 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Combustion |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C39573554 |
| concepts[8].level | 3 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.47257199883461 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502048 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Petrol engine |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C180016635 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.4611639380455017 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712821 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Compression (physics) |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C96949565 |
| concepts[10].level | 4 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.43880632519721985 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5606882 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Homogeneous charge compression ignition |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C182365436 |
| concepts[11].level | 2 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.4243910312652588 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Variable (mathematics) |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C511840579 |
| concepts[12].level | 2 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.4220593273639679 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Internal combustion engine |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C39432304 |
| concepts[13].level | 0 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.4179847240447998 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Environmental science |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C192562407 |
| concepts[14].level | 0 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.31483960151672363 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Materials science |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C548081761 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.28872793912887573 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Waste management |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[16].level | 0 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.20593267679214478 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C106169591 |
| concepts[17].level | 3 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.19596856832504272 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909434 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Combustion chamber |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C185592680 |
| concepts[18].level | 0 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.08770367503166199 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Chemistry |
| concepts[19].id | https://openalex.org/C159985019 |
| concepts[19].level | 1 |
| concepts[19].score | 0.07217299938201904 |
| concepts[19].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790 |
| concepts[19].display_name | Composite material |
| concepts[20].id | https://openalex.org/C178790620 |
| concepts[20].level | 1 |
| concepts[20].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[20].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351 |
| concepts[20].display_name | Organic chemistry |
| concepts[21].id | https://openalex.org/C142362112 |
| concepts[21].level | 0 |
| concepts[21].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[21].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735 |
| concepts[21].display_name | Art |
| concepts[22].id | https://openalex.org/C124952713 |
| concepts[22].level | 1 |
| concepts[22].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[22].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242 |
| concepts[22].display_name | Literature |
| concepts[23].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[23].level | 0 |
| concepts[23].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[23].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[23].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[24].id | https://openalex.org/C134306372 |
| concepts[24].level | 1 |
| concepts[24].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[24].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754 |
| concepts[24].display_name | Mathematical analysis |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7915669083595276 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Automotive engineering |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/gasoline |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6948193907737732 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Gasoline |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/compression-ratio |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6871244311332703 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Compression ratio |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/dual |
| keywords[3].score | 0.6800134778022766 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Dual (grammatical number) |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-duty |
| keywords[4].score | 0.6404015421867371 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Heavy duty |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/diesel-fuel |
| keywords[5].score | 0.6249010562896729 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Diesel fuel |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/diesel-cycle |
| keywords[6].score | 0.5061156153678894 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Diesel cycle |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/combustion |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4867880046367645 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Combustion |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/petrol-engine |
| keywords[8].score | 0.47257199883461 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Petrol engine |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/compression |
| keywords[9].score | 0.4611639380455017 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Compression (physics) |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneous-charge-compression-ignition |
| keywords[10].score | 0.43880632519721985 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Homogeneous charge compression ignition |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/variable |
| keywords[11].score | 0.4243910312652588 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Variable (mathematics) |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-combustion-engine |
| keywords[12].score | 0.4220593273639679 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Internal combustion engine |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science |
| keywords[13].score | 0.4179847240447998 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Environmental science |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science |
| keywords[14].score | 0.31483960151672363 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Materials science |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management |
| keywords[15].score | 0.28872793912887573 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Waste management |
| keywords[16].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[16].score | 0.20593267679214478 |
| keywords[16].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[17].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/combustion-chamber |
| keywords[17].score | 0.19596856832504272 |
| keywords[17].display_name | Combustion chamber |
| keywords[18].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry |
| keywords[18].score | 0.08770367503166199 |
| keywords[18].display_name | Chemistry |
| keywords[19].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material |
| keywords[19].score | 0.07217299938201904 |
| keywords[19].display_name | Composite material |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.4271/2015-01-1796 |
| locations[0].is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210202285 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0148-7191, 1083-4958, 2688-3627 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0148-7191 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | proceedings-article |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | SAE Technical Paper Series |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1796 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:osti.gov:1502862 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306402487 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I139351228 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | Office of Scientific and Technical Information |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I139351228 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1502862 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5039964271 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Andrew Ickes |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Andrew Ickes |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5007185918 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Reed Hanson |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Reed Hanson |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5042024975 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3720-1562 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Thomas Wallner |
| authorships[2].author_position | last |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Thomas Wallner |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1502862 |
| open_access.oa_status | green |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Impact of Effective Compression Ratio on Gasoline-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Engine Using Variable Valve Actuation |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10117 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/15 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Chemical Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998000264167786 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1507 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes |
| primary_topic.display_name | Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2957409320, https://openalex.org/W2951934084, https://openalex.org/W2049793232, https://openalex.org/W4255840635, https://openalex.org/W4384434824, https://openalex.org/W4226246328, https://openalex.org/W82549313, https://openalex.org/W2352411464, https://openalex.org/W3120900925, https://openalex.org/W2295502712 |
| cited_by_count | 21 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[5].year | 2020 |
| counts_by_year[5].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[6].year | 2019 |
| counts_by_year[6].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[7].year | 2018 |
| counts_by_year[7].cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[8].year | 2017 |
| counts_by_year[8].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[9].year | 2016 |
| counts_by_year[9].cited_by_count | 4 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | pmh:oai:osti.gov:1502862 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306402487 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | |
| best_oa_location.source.type | repository |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | False |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I139351228 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Office of Scientific and Technical Information |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I139351228 |
| best_oa_location.license | |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | submittedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | |
| best_oa_location.license_id | |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | False |
| best_oa_location.is_published | False |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1502862 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.4271/2015-01-1796 |
| primary_location.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210202285 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0148-7191, 1083-4958, 2688-3627 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0148-7191 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | proceedings-article |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | SAE Technical Paper Series |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1796 |
| publication_date | 2015-09-01 |
| publication_year | 2015 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2160282499, https://openalex.org/W1871875527, https://openalex.org/W1915325319, https://openalex.org/W1977255901, https://openalex.org/W2021181663, https://openalex.org/W2056193974, https://openalex.org/W2084615596, https://openalex.org/W2045479542, https://openalex.org/W2066314999, https://openalex.org/W2151850951, https://openalex.org/W2050134804, https://openalex.org/W2155739200, https://openalex.org/W2062491725, https://openalex.org/W4313022384, https://openalex.org/W1499033402, https://openalex.org/W1586953290, https://openalex.org/W1603227197, https://openalex.org/W1984464796, https://openalex.org/W1530240929, https://openalex.org/W2287061933, https://openalex.org/W1533780885, https://openalex.org/W2104548214, https://openalex.org/W1944721102, https://openalex.org/W1576095917, https://openalex.org/W1565232966, https://openalex.org/W1891498578, https://openalex.org/W100701887, https://openalex.org/W1522083982, https://openalex.org/W2001505776, https://openalex.org/W2115473265, https://openalex.org/W1500358142, https://openalex.org/W3021832706 |
| referenced_works_count | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 10, 64, 78, 92, 140, 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 45, 165, 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 91, 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 17, 54, 99, 107, 130, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.13L | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 113, 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 30, 33, 156, 189, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 41, 82, 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gas | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.key | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 47, 50, 55, 109, 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 89, 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.With | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.both | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.heat | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.held | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 34, 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.late | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.peak | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.port | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rise | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.soot | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 9, 21, 63, 103, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(VVA) | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.brake | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.early | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prior | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratio | 67, 81, 164, 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shown | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 6, 68, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.valve | 70, 118, 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.yield | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(EIVC) | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(LIVC) | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.charge | 52, 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diesel | 12, 56, 96, 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.direct | 11, 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.engine | 97, 114, 154, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 65, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impact | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intake | 116, 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rates, | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratio, | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratio. | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.<div | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Testing | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieve | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.closing | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.employs | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fueling | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.losses. | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maximum | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operate | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overall | 177, 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phasing | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reduced | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.remains | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respect | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.testing | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thermal | 36, 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.through | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.varying | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Reducing | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constant | 195, 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exchange | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gasoline | 8, 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maintain | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.massflow | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mid-load | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.moderate | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modified | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.premixed | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pressure | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reduced, | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.timings, | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transfer | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variable | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.yielding | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.actuation | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.condition | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducted | 90, 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constant, | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decreases | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dual-fuel | 101, 147, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effective | 133, 162, 172, 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emissions | 157, 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.expansion | 66, 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extending | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fraction, | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high-load | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increased | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicated | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.injection | 13, 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operating | 142, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operation | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strategy. | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.combustion | 5, 20, 102, 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compressed | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decreases, | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficiency | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emissions, | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.engine-out | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.heavy-duty | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.injection. | 57, 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.moderating | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quantified | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reactivity | 48, 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relatively | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.supplement | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.alternative | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compression | 59, 134, 163, 173, 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conjunction | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficiency. | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performance | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.requirement | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficiencies | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.port-injected | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.class="section | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multi-cylinder | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.class="htmlview | 3, 86, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gasoline-diesel | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gasoline/diesel | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low-temperature | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paragraph">As | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.abstract"><div | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paragraph">Dual-fuel | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study.</div><div | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.NO<sub>x</sub> | 31, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paragraph">Experimental | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extraction.</div><div | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratios.</div></div> | 216 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 98 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 3 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.800000011920929 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Affordable and clean energy |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.85082538 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |