Impact of winter warming on CO 2 fluxes in evergreen needleleaf forests Article Swipe
Mana Gharun
,
Ankit Shekhar
,
Lukas Hörtnagl
,
Luana Krebs
,
Nicola Arriga
,
Mirco Migliavacca
,
Marilyn Roland
,
Bert Gielen
,
Leonardo Montagnani
,
Enrico Tomelleri
,
Ladislav Šigut
,
Matthias Peichl
,
Zhao Pen
,
Marius Schmidt
,
Thomas Grünwald
,
Mika Korkiakoski
,
Annalea Lohila
,
Nina Buchmann
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025
Compared to drought and heat waves, the impact of winter warming on forest CO2 fluxes has been less studied, despite its significant relevance in colder regions with higher soil carbon content. Our objective was to test the effect of the exceptionally warm winter of 2020 on the winter CO2 budget of cold-adapted evergreen needleleaf forests across Europe and identify the contribution of climate factors to changes in winter CO2 fluxes. Our hypothesis was that warming in winter leads to higher emissions across colder sites due to increased ecosystem respiration. To test this hypothesis, we used 98 site-year eddy covariance measurements across 14 evergreen needleleaf forests (ENFs) distributed from the north to the south of Europe (from Sweden to Italy). We used a data-driven approach to quantify the effect of radiation, air temperature, and soil temperature on changes in CO2 fluxes during the warm winter of 2020. Our results showed that warming in winter decreased forest net ecosystem productivity (NEP) significantly across most sites. The contribution of climate variables to CO2 fluxes varied across the sites: in southern regions with warmer mean temperatures, radiation had a greater influence on NEP. Conversely, at colder sites, air temperature played a more critical role in affecting NEP. During the warm winter of 2020, colder regions experienced larger air temperature anomalies compared to the other sites; however we did not observe a significantly larger increase at colder sites due to winter warming. The varying responses of NEP across different sites highlight the complex interactions between climate variables such as air temperature, soil temperature, and radiation. These findings underscore the importance of integrating winter warming effects to more accurately predict the impacts of climate change on forest carbon dynamics.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 3
- References
- 78
- Related Works
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- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4408365089
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4408365089Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Impact of winter warming on CO 2 fluxes in evergreen needleleaf forestsWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-03-12Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Lukas Hörtnagl, Luana Krebs, Nicola Arriga, Mirco Migliavacca, Marilyn Roland, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Enrico Tomelleri, Ladislav Šigut, Matthias Peichl, Zhao Pen, Marius Schmidt, Thomas Grünwald, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, Nina BuchmannList of authors in order
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https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025Publisher landing page
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Evergreen, Environmental science, Global warming, Atmospheric sciences, Climatology, Climate change, Oceanography, Ecology, Geology, BiologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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3Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 3Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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78Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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