Abstract Despite many efforts to control anthropogenic sources, high ambient ozone (O 3 ) concentrations remain a serious air pollution problem in China. Terrestrial vegetation can remove surface O 3 through dry deposition but also enhance surface O 3 through biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions. However, the net impacts of terrestrial vegetation on surface O 3 remains unclear. Here, we perform simulations using a chemistry-vegetation coupled model to assess the impacts of terrestrial vegetation on …