Improving heart rate monitoring in the obese with time-of-flight photoplethysmography (TOF-PPG): a quantitative analysis of source-detector-distance effect Article Swipe
Elizabeth Badolato
,
Andrew S. Little
,
Vinh Nguyen Du Le
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.510977
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.510977
Commercial photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors rely on the measurement of continuous-wave diffuse reflection signals (CW-DRS) to monitor heart rate. Using Monte Carlo modeling of light propagation in skin, we quantitatively evaluate the dependence of continuous-wave photoplethysmography (CW-PPG) in commercial wearables on source-detector distance (SDD). Specifically, when SDD increases from 0.5 mm to 3.3 mm, CW-PPG signal increases by roughly 846% for non-obese (NOB) skin and roughly 683% for morbidly obese (MOB) skin. Ultimately, we introduce the concept of time-of-flight PPG (TOF-PPG) which can significantly improve heart rate signals. Our model shows that the optimized TOF-PPG improves heart rate monitoring experiences by roughly 47.9% in NOB and 93.2% in MOB when SDD = 3.3 mm is at green light. Moving forward, these results will provide a valuable source for hypothesis generation in the scientific community to improve heart rate monitoring.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.510977
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 4
- References
- 49
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4390914767
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4390914767Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.510977Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Improving heart rate monitoring in the obese with time-of-flight photoplethysmography (TOF-PPG): a quantitative analysis of source-detector-distance effectWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2024Year of publication
- Publication date
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2024-01-16Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Elizabeth Badolato, Andrew S. Little, Vinh Nguyen Du LeList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.510977Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
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https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.510977Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Photoplethysmogram, Detector, Heart rate, Time of flight, Optics, Computer science, Biomedical engineering, Physics, Medicine, Telecommunications, Internal medicine, Wireless, Blood pressureTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
4Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 3, 2024: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
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49Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.continuous-wave | 9, 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.source-detector | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.photoplethysmography | 1, 34 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 90 |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 3 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.550000011920929 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Good health and well-being |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.71479562 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |