Improvised explosive device injuries to the maxillofacial region: Diagnostic findings and treatment approaches in north-eastern Nigeria Article Swipe

PDF

Mohammed Adam Sheikh Abdullahi , Mujtaba Bala , S. Rasheed , Mohamed Morsi M. Ahmed , Muktar Ahmad Modibbo , Ibrahim Shehu ·

YOU? · · 2024 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v17i4.5

Introduction: The use of improvised explosive devices (IED) poses a significant threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. These homemade explosives incorporate certain objects that create unique injury patterns that present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This study examines the maxillofacial wounds and patterns of Boko Haram IED victims treated at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH). Understanding the different wounding patterns these injuries cause and management options will help with proper planning and management. Method: This retrospective study was carried out over five years at UMTH, Nigeria. The clinical records and treatment approaches of IED injuries to the maxillofacial region were obtained from patient case notes. Data were analyzed using the statistical software SPSS version 20. Results: The study involved 14 patients, 14–43 years old. There were three (21.4%) females, M:F ratio of 4.7:1. Primary blast injuries were seen in six (42.9%). Lacerations were the most common facial injury at 31.7%%. The most common facial fractures recorded were naso-orbitoethmoidal at 21.9%, maxillary at 18.8%, and frontal bone fractures at 15.6%. Globe rupture occurred in six (42.9%). The most common treatment was closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation (57.4%). Conclusion: Intermaxillary fixation emerged as the predominant treatment modality, reflecting the pragmatic use of available resources. Prevention is critical to reducing IED injuries.

Related Topics

Concepts

Medicine Facial trauma Management strategy Surgery Dentistry Business administration Business

Metadata

Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v17i4.5
PDF: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ssmj/article/download/283740/267297
OA Status: diamond
References: 6
Related Works: 10
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4405301821

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4405301821

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v17i4.5

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Improvised explosive device injuries to the maxillofacial region: Diagnostic findings and treatment approaches in north-eastern Nigeria

Work title
Type: article

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2024

Year of publication
Publication date: 2024-12-03

Full publication date if available
Authors: Mohammed Adam Sheikh Abdullahi, Mujtaba Bala, S. Rasheed, Mohamed Morsi M. Ahmed, Muktar Ahmad Modibbo, Ibrahim Shehu

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v17i4.5

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ssmj/article/download/283740/267297

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: diamond

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ssmj/article/download/283740/267297

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Medicine, Facial trauma, Management strategy, Surgery, Dentistry, Business administration, Business

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 0

Total citation count in OpenAlex
References (count): 6

Number of works referenced by this work
Related works (count): 10

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4405301821
doi	https://doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v17i4.5
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v17i4.5
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4405301821
fwci	0.0
type	article
title	Improvised explosive device injuries to the maxillofacial region: Diagnostic findings and treatment approaches in north-eastern Nigeria
biblio.issue	4
biblio.volume	17
biblio.last_page	184
biblio.first_page	179
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T11562
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/27
topics[0].field.display_name	Medicine
topics[0].score	0.9891999959945679
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/4
topics[0].domain.display_name	Health Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2746
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Surgery
topics[0].display_name	Facial Trauma and Fracture Management
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T11867
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/27
topics[1].field.display_name	Medicine
topics[1].score	0.9679999947547913
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/4
topics[1].domain.display_name	Health Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2731
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Ophthalmology
topics[1].display_name	Traumatic Ocular and Foreign Body Injuries
topics[2].id	https://openalex.org/T11430
topics[2].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/36
topics[2].field.display_name	Health Professions
topics[2].score	0.9488999843597412
topics[2].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/4
topics[2].domain.display_name	Health Sciences
topics[2].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3604
topics[2].subfield.display_name	Emergency Medical Services
topics[2].display_name	Disaster Response and Management
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C71924100
concepts[0].level	0
concepts[0].score	0.872882604598999
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190
concepts[0].display_name	Medicine
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C2777356073
concepts[1].level	2
concepts[1].score	0.41753146052360535
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3632931
concepts[1].display_name	Facial trauma
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C2988054608
concepts[2].level	2
concepts[2].score	0.4129679799079895
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921
concepts[2].display_name	Management strategy
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C141071460
concepts[3].level	1
concepts[3].score	0.3640073537826538
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821
concepts[3].display_name	Surgery
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C199343813
concepts[4].level	1
concepts[4].score	0.3617249131202698
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128
concepts[4].display_name	Dentistry
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C178550888
concepts[5].level	1
concepts[5].score	0.0
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043282
concepts[5].display_name	Business administration
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C144133560
concepts[6].level	0
concepts[6].score	0.0
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453
concepts[6].display_name	Business
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine
keywords[0].score	0.872882604598999
keywords[0].display_name	Medicine
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-trauma
keywords[1].score	0.41753146052360535
keywords[1].display_name	Facial trauma
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/management-strategy
keywords[2].score	0.4129679799079895
keywords[2].display_name	Management strategy
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery
keywords[3].score	0.3640073537826538
keywords[3].display_name	Surgery
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/dentistry
keywords[4].score	0.3617249131202698
keywords[4].display_name	Dentistry
language	en
locations[0].id	doi:10.4314/ssmj.v17i4.5
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source.id	https://openalex.org/S2765048720
locations[0].source.issn	2309-4605, 2309-4613
locations[0].source.type	journal
locations[0].source.is_oa	True
locations[0].source.issn_l	2309-4605
locations[0].source.is_core	False
locations[0].source.is_in_doaj	True
locations[0].source.display_name	South Sudan Medical Journal
locations[0].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310319584
locations[0].source.host_organization_name	South Sudan Doctors' Association
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310319584
locations[0].license	cc-by-nc
locations[0].pdf_url	https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ssmj/article/download/283740/267297
locations[0].version	publishedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	journal-article
locations[0].license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc
locations[0].is_accepted	True
locations[0].is_published	True
locations[0].raw_source_name	South Sudan Medical Journal
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v17i4.5
indexed_in	crossref, doaj
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5028285168
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9716-7445
authorships[0].author.display_name	Mohammed Adam Sheikh Abdullahi
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Mohammed Adam Sheikh Abdullahi
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5051688735
authorships[1].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0699-7118
authorships[1].author.display_name	Mujtaba Bala
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Mujtaba Bala
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5003461246
authorships[2].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7937-4870
authorships[2].author.display_name	S. Rasheed
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Suleiman Abdul Rasheed
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5011665881
authorships[3].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-9714
authorships[3].author.display_name	Mohamed Morsi M. Ahmed
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Mohammed Alhaji Ahmed
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5115405662
authorships[4].author.orcid
authorships[4].author.display_name	Muktar Ahmad Modibbo
authorships[4].author_position	middle
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Muktar Ahmad Modibbo
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
authorships[5].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5035674056
authorships[5].author.orcid
authorships[5].author.display_name	Ibrahim Shehu
authorships[5].author_position	last
authorships[5].raw_author_name	Ibrahim Muhammad Shehu
authorships[5].is_corresponding	False
has_content.pdf	True
has_content.grobid_xml	True
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ssmj/article/download/283740/267297
open_access.oa_status	diamond
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	Improvised explosive device injuries to the maxillofacial region: Diagnostic findings and treatment approaches in north-eastern Nigeria
has_fulltext	True
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T11562
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/27
primary_topic.field.display_name	Medicine
primary_topic.score	0.9891999959945679
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/4
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Health Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2746
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Surgery
primary_topic.display_name	Facial Trauma and Fracture Management
related_works	https://openalex.org/W2899084033, https://openalex.org/W2748952813, https://openalex.org/W3031052312, https://openalex.org/W4389568370, https://openalex.org/W3032375762, https://openalex.org/W1995515455, https://openalex.org/W2080531066, https://openalex.org/W3108674512, https://openalex.org/W1506200166, https://openalex.org/W1489783725
cited_by_count	0
locations_count	1
best_oa_location.id	doi:10.4314/ssmj.v17i4.5
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S2765048720
best_oa_location.source.issn	2309-4605, 2309-4613
best_oa_location.source.type	journal
best_oa_location.source.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.issn_l	2309-4605
best_oa_location.source.is_core	False
best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj	True
best_oa_location.source.display_name	South Sudan Medical Journal
best_oa_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310319584
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name	South Sudan Doctors' Association
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310319584
best_oa_location.license	cc-by-nc
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ssmj/article/download/283740/267297
best_oa_location.version	publishedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	journal-article
best_oa_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc
best_oa_location.is_accepted	True
best_oa_location.is_published	True
best_oa_location.raw_source_name	South Sudan Medical Journal
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v17i4.5
primary_location.id	doi:10.4314/ssmj.v17i4.5
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S2765048720
primary_location.source.issn	2309-4605, 2309-4613
primary_location.source.type	journal
primary_location.source.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.issn_l	2309-4605
primary_location.source.is_core	False
primary_location.source.is_in_doaj	True
primary_location.source.display_name	South Sudan Medical Journal
primary_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310319584
primary_location.source.host_organization_name	South Sudan Doctors' Association
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310319584
primary_location.license	cc-by-nc
primary_location.pdf_url	https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ssmj/article/download/283740/267297
primary_location.version	publishedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	journal-article
primary_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc
primary_location.is_accepted	True
primary_location.is_published	True
primary_location.raw_source_name	South Sudan Medical Journal
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v17i4.5
publication_date	2024-12-03
publication_year	2024
referenced_works	https://openalex.org/W2069105028, https://openalex.org/W3029880440, https://openalex.org/W2048800170, https://openalex.org/W2058930874, https://openalex.org/W2156773190, https://openalex.org/W1974478179
referenced_works_count	6
abstract_inverted_index.a	9
abstract_inverted_index.14	121
abstract_inverted_index.as	192
abstract_inverted_index.at	49, 85, 150, 160, 163, 169
abstract_inverted_index.in	13, 140, 174
abstract_inverted_index.is	205
abstract_inverted_index.of	3, 43, 52, 94, 133, 201
abstract_inverted_index.to	97, 207
abstract_inverted_index.20.	116
abstract_inverted_index.IED	46, 95, 209
abstract_inverted_index.M:F	131
abstract_inverted_index.The	1, 88, 118, 152, 177
abstract_inverted_index.and	15, 32, 41, 65, 73, 91, 165
abstract_inverted_index.out	81
abstract_inverted_index.six	141, 175
abstract_inverted_index.the	38, 50, 58, 98, 111, 145, 193, 198
abstract_inverted_index.use	2, 200
abstract_inverted_index.was	79, 181
abstract_inverted_index.Boko	44
abstract_inverted_index.Data	107
abstract_inverted_index.SPSS	114
abstract_inverted_index.This	35, 76
abstract_inverted_index.bone	167
abstract_inverted_index.case	105
abstract_inverted_index.five	83
abstract_inverted_index.from	103
abstract_inverted_index.help	69
abstract_inverted_index.low-	14
abstract_inverted_index.most	146, 153, 178
abstract_inverted_index.old.	125
abstract_inverted_index.over	82
abstract_inverted_index.seen	139
abstract_inverted_index.that	24, 29
abstract_inverted_index.were	101, 108, 127, 138, 144, 158
abstract_inverted_index.will	68
abstract_inverted_index.with	70, 184
abstract_inverted_index.(IED)	7
abstract_inverted_index.Globe	171
abstract_inverted_index.Haram	45
abstract_inverted_index.There	126
abstract_inverted_index.These	18
abstract_inverted_index.UMTH,	86
abstract_inverted_index.blast	136
abstract_inverted_index.cause	64
abstract_inverted_index.poses	8
abstract_inverted_index.ratio	132
abstract_inverted_index.study	36, 78, 119
abstract_inverted_index.these	62
abstract_inverted_index.three	128
abstract_inverted_index.using	110
abstract_inverted_index.years	84, 124
abstract_inverted_index.15.6%.	170
abstract_inverted_index.18.8%,	164
abstract_inverted_index.21.9%,	161
abstract_inverted_index.4.7:1.	134
abstract_inverted_index.closed	182
abstract_inverted_index.common	147, 154, 179
abstract_inverted_index.create	25
abstract_inverted_index.facial	148, 155
abstract_inverted_index.injury	27, 149
abstract_inverted_index.notes.	106
abstract_inverted_index.proper	71
abstract_inverted_index.region	100
abstract_inverted_index.unique	26
abstract_inverted_index.wounds	40
abstract_inverted_index.(21.4%)	129
abstract_inverted_index.(UMTH).	56
abstract_inverted_index.14–43	123
abstract_inverted_index.31.7%%.	151
abstract_inverted_index.Method:	75
abstract_inverted_index.Primary	135
abstract_inverted_index.carried	80
abstract_inverted_index.certain	22
abstract_inverted_index.devices	6
abstract_inverted_index.emerged	191
abstract_inverted_index.frontal	166
abstract_inverted_index.objects	23
abstract_inverted_index.options	67
abstract_inverted_index.patient	104
abstract_inverted_index.present	30
abstract_inverted_index.records	90
abstract_inverted_index.rupture	172
abstract_inverted_index.threat,	11
abstract_inverted_index.treated	48
abstract_inverted_index.version	115
abstract_inverted_index.victims	47
abstract_inverted_index.(42.9%).	142, 176
abstract_inverted_index.(57.4%).	187
abstract_inverted_index.Hospital	55
abstract_inverted_index.Nigeria.	87
abstract_inverted_index.Results:	117
abstract_inverted_index.Teaching	54
abstract_inverted_index.analyzed	109
abstract_inverted_index.clinical	89
abstract_inverted_index.critical	206
abstract_inverted_index.examines	37
abstract_inverted_index.females,	130
abstract_inverted_index.fixation	186, 190
abstract_inverted_index.homemade	19
abstract_inverted_index.injuries	63, 96, 137
abstract_inverted_index.involved	120
abstract_inverted_index.obtained	102
abstract_inverted_index.occurred	173
abstract_inverted_index.patterns	28, 42, 61
abstract_inverted_index.planning	72
abstract_inverted_index.recorded	157
abstract_inverted_index.reducing	208
abstract_inverted_index.software	113
abstract_inverted_index.wounding	60
abstract_inverted_index.Maiduguri	53
abstract_inverted_index.available	202
abstract_inverted_index.different	59
abstract_inverted_index.explosive	5
abstract_inverted_index.fractures	156, 168
abstract_inverted_index.injuries.	210
abstract_inverted_index.maxillary	162
abstract_inverted_index.modality,	196
abstract_inverted_index.patients,	122
abstract_inverted_index.pragmatic	199
abstract_inverted_index.reduction	183
abstract_inverted_index.treatment	92, 180, 195
abstract_inverted_index.Prevention	204
abstract_inverted_index.University	51
abstract_inverted_index.approaches	93
abstract_inverted_index.countries.	17
abstract_inverted_index.diagnostic	31
abstract_inverted_index.explosives	20
abstract_inverted_index.improvised	4
abstract_inverted_index.management	66
abstract_inverted_index.reflecting	197
abstract_inverted_index.resources.	203
abstract_inverted_index.Conclusion:	188
abstract_inverted_index.Lacerations	143
abstract_inverted_index.challenges.	34
abstract_inverted_index.incorporate	21
abstract_inverted_index.management.	74
abstract_inverted_index.predominant	194
abstract_inverted_index.significant	10
abstract_inverted_index.statistical	112
abstract_inverted_index.therapeutic	33
abstract_inverted_index.particularly	12
abstract_inverted_index.Introduction:	0
abstract_inverted_index.Understanding	57
abstract_inverted_index.maxillofacial	39, 99
abstract_inverted_index.middle-income	16
abstract_inverted_index.retrospective	77
abstract_inverted_index.Intermaxillary	189
abstract_inverted_index.intermaxillary	185
abstract_inverted_index.naso-orbitoethmoidal	159
cited_by_percentile_year
countries_distinct_count	0
institutions_distinct_count	6
sustainable_development_goals[0].id	https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1
sustainable_development_goals[0].score	0.4099999964237213
sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name	No poverty
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.47162094
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	False