In-Field Automatic Detection of Grape Bunches under a Totally Uncontrolled Environment Article Swipe
Luca Ghiani
,
Alberto Sassu
,
Francesca Palumbo
,
Luca Mercenaro
,
Filippo Gambella
·
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113908
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113908
An early estimation of the exact number of fruits, flowers, and trees helps farmers to make better decisions on cultivation practices, plant disease prevention, and the size of harvest labor force. The current practice of yield estimation based on manual counting of fruits or flowers by workers is a time consuming and expensive process and it is not feasible for large fields. Automatic yield estimation based on robotic agriculture provides a viable solution in this regard. In a typical image classification process, the task is not only to specify the presence or absence of a given object on a specific location, while counting how many objects are present in the scene. The success of these tasks largely depends on the availability of a large amount of training samples. This paper presents a detector of bunches of one fruit, grape, based on a deep convolutional neural network trained to detect vine bunches directly on the field. Experimental results show a 91% mean Average Precision.
Related Topics
Concepts
Bunches
Process (computing)
Vine
Convolutional neural network
Yield (engineering)
Computer science
Detector
Artificial intelligence
Field (mathematics)
Task (project management)
Agricultural engineering
Agriculture
Computer vision
Engineering
Mathematics
Horticulture
Geography
Biology
Materials science
Operating system
Systems engineering
Pure mathematics
Civil engineering
Metallurgy
Beam (structure)
Telecommunications
Archaeology
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113908
- https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3908/pdf?version=1623139187
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 35
- References
- 62
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3165908689
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3165908689Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113908Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
In-Field Automatic Detection of Grape Bunches under a Totally Uncontrolled EnvironmentWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2021Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2021-06-05Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Luca Ghiani, Alberto Sassu, Francesca Palumbo, Luca Mercenaro, Filippo GambellaList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113908Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3908/pdf?version=1623139187Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3908/pdf?version=1623139187Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Bunches, Process (computing), Vine, Convolutional neural network, Yield (engineering), Computer science, Detector, Artificial intelligence, Field (mathematics), Task (project management), Agricultural engineering, Agriculture, Computer vision, Engineering, Mathematics, Horticulture, Geography, Biology, Materials science, Operating system, Systems engineering, Pure mathematics, Civil engineering, Metallurgy, Beam (structure), Telecommunications, ArchaeologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
35Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 7, 2024: 7, 2023: 13, 2022: 7, 2021: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
62Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3165908689 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113908 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113908 |
| ids.mag | 3165908689 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34198844 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3165908689 |
| fwci | 4.37968372 |
| mesh[0].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[0].descriptor_ui | D005638 |
| mesh[0].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[0].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[0].descriptor_name | Fruit |
| mesh[1].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[1].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[1].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[1].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[1].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[2].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_ui | D016571 |
| mesh[2].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[2].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_name | Neural Networks, Computer |
| mesh[3].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[3].descriptor_ui | D010935 |
| mesh[3].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[3].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[3].descriptor_name | Plant Diseases |
| mesh[4].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_ui | D012371 |
| mesh[4].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[4].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_name | Robotics |
| mesh[5].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[5].descriptor_ui | D027843 |
| mesh[5].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[5].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[5].descriptor_name | Vitis |
| mesh[6].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[6].descriptor_ui | D005638 |
| mesh[6].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[6].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[6].descriptor_name | Fruit |
| mesh[7].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[7].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[7].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[8].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_ui | D016571 |
| mesh[8].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[8].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_name | Neural Networks, Computer |
| mesh[9].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[9].descriptor_ui | D010935 |
| mesh[9].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[9].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[9].descriptor_name | Plant Diseases |
| mesh[10].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[10].descriptor_ui | D012371 |
| mesh[10].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[10].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[10].descriptor_name | Robotics |
| mesh[11].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[11].descriptor_ui | D027843 |
| mesh[11].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[11].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[11].descriptor_name | Vitis |
| mesh[12].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[12].descriptor_ui | D005638 |
| mesh[12].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[12].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[12].descriptor_name | Fruit |
| mesh[13].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[13].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[13].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[13].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[13].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[14].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[14].descriptor_ui | D016571 |
| mesh[14].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[14].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[14].descriptor_name | Neural Networks, Computer |
| mesh[15].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[15].descriptor_ui | D010935 |
| mesh[15].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[15].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[15].descriptor_name | Plant Diseases |
| mesh[16].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[16].descriptor_ui | D012371 |
| mesh[16].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[16].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[16].descriptor_name | Robotics |
| mesh[17].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[17].descriptor_ui | D027843 |
| mesh[17].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[17].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[17].descriptor_name | Vitis |
| type | article |
| title | In-Field Automatic Detection of Grape Bunches under a Totally Uncontrolled Environment |
| biblio.issue | 11 |
| biblio.volume | 21 |
| biblio.last_page | 3908 |
| biblio.first_page | 3908 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10616 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Agricultural and Biological Sciences |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1110 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Plant Science |
| topics[0].display_name | Smart Agriculture and AI |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10111 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9835000038146973 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2303 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Ecology |
| topics[1].display_name | Remote Sensing in Agriculture |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11164 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[2].score | 0.9567999839782715 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2305 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Environmental Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2400 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2598 |
| apc_paid.value | 2400 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2598 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C2777574091 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.847659707069397 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10619158 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Bunches |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C98045186 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6187716722488403 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Process (computing) |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C2781214258 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6004194617271423 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917284 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Vine |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C81363708 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5883873105049133 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Convolutional neural network |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C134121241 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.543369710445404 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Yield (engineering) |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5152433514595032 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C94915269 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.5049806237220764 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Detector |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C154945302 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.49374017119407654 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C9652623 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4840787947177887 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Field (mathematics) |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C2780451532 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.47536081075668335 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Task (project management) |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C88463610 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.4577764868736267 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Agricultural engineering |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C118518473 |
| concepts[11].level | 2 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.44106870889663696 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Agriculture |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C31972630 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.363442987203598 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Computer vision |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[13].level | 0 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.27353084087371826 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[14].level | 0 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.2597712278366089 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C144027150 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.23568254709243774 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Horticulture |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C205649164 |
| concepts[16].level | 0 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.12553861737251282 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Geography |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[17].level | 0 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.09407410025596619 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C192562407 |
| concepts[18].level | 0 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.06655365228652954 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Materials science |
| concepts[19].id | https://openalex.org/C111919701 |
| concepts[19].level | 1 |
| concepts[19].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[19].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135 |
| concepts[19].display_name | Operating system |
| concepts[20].id | https://openalex.org/C201995342 |
| concepts[20].level | 1 |
| concepts[20].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[20].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496 |
| concepts[20].display_name | Systems engineering |
| concepts[21].id | https://openalex.org/C202444582 |
| concepts[21].level | 1 |
| concepts[21].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[21].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863 |
| concepts[21].display_name | Pure mathematics |
| concepts[22].id | https://openalex.org/C147176958 |
| concepts[22].level | 1 |
| concepts[22].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[22].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590 |
| concepts[22].display_name | Civil engineering |
| concepts[23].id | https://openalex.org/C191897082 |
| concepts[23].level | 1 |
| concepts[23].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[23].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467 |
| concepts[23].display_name | Metallurgy |
| concepts[24].id | https://openalex.org/C168834538 |
| concepts[24].level | 2 |
| concepts[24].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[24].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329 |
| concepts[24].display_name | Beam (structure) |
| concepts[25].id | https://openalex.org/C76155785 |
| concepts[25].level | 1 |
| concepts[25].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[25].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418 |
| concepts[25].display_name | Telecommunications |
| concepts[26].id | https://openalex.org/C166957645 |
| concepts[26].level | 1 |
| concepts[26].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[26].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498 |
| concepts[26].display_name | Archaeology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/bunches |
| keywords[0].score | 0.847659707069397 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Bunches |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/process |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6187716722488403 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Process (computing) |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/vine |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6004194617271423 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Vine |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5883873105049133 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Convolutional neural network |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/yield |
| keywords[4].score | 0.543369710445404 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Yield (engineering) |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5152433514595032 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/detector |
| keywords[6].score | 0.5049806237220764 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Detector |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence |
| keywords[7].score | 0.49374017119407654 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/field |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4840787947177887 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Field (mathematics) |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/task |
| keywords[9].score | 0.47536081075668335 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Task (project management) |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-engineering |
| keywords[10].score | 0.4577764868736267 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Agricultural engineering |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture |
| keywords[11].score | 0.44106870889663696 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Agriculture |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision |
| keywords[12].score | 0.363442987203598 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Computer vision |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[13].score | 0.27353084087371826 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics |
| keywords[14].score | 0.2597712278366089 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Mathematics |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/horticulture |
| keywords[15].score | 0.23568254709243774 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Horticulture |
| keywords[16].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geography |
| keywords[16].score | 0.12553861737251282 |
| keywords[16].display_name | Geography |
| keywords[17].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biology |
| keywords[17].score | 0.09407410025596619 |
| keywords[17].display_name | Biology |
| keywords[18].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science |
| keywords[18].score | 0.06655365228652954 |
| keywords[18].display_name | Materials science |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/s21113908 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S101949793 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1424-8220 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1424-8220 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Sensors |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3908/pdf?version=1623139187 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Sensors |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113908 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:34198844 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34198844 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:207bcccad3044b278ce35bda1253bdd7 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 11, p 3908 (2021) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/207bcccad3044b278ce35bda1253bdd7 |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/399523 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4377196293 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I172446870 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | University of Cagliari |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I172446870 |
| locations[3].license | other-oa |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://hdl.handle.net/11584/399523 |
| locations[4].id | pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/11/3908/ |
| locations[4].is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400947 |
| locations[4].source.issn | |
| locations[4].source.type | repository |
| locations[4].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.issn_l | |
| locations[4].source.is_core | False |
| locations[4].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[4].source.display_name | MDPI (MDPI AG) |
| locations[4].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland) |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[4].license | cc-by |
| locations[4].pdf_url | |
| locations[4].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[4].raw_type | Text |
| locations[4].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[4].is_accepted | False |
| locations[4].is_published | False |
| locations[4].raw_source_name | Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 11; Pages: 3908 |
| locations[4].landing_page_url | https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113908 |
| locations[5].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8201373 |
| locations[5].is_oa | True |
| locations[5].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[5].source.issn | |
| locations[5].source.type | repository |
| locations[5].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[5].source.issn_l | |
| locations[5].source.is_core | False |
| locations[5].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[5].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[5].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[5].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[5].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[5].license | other-oa |
| locations[5].pdf_url | |
| locations[5].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[5].raw_type | Text |
| locations[5].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[5].is_accepted | False |
| locations[5].is_published | False |
| locations[5].raw_source_name | Sensors (Basel) |
| locations[5].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8201373 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5024106533 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4636-8957 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Luca Ghiani |
| authorships[0].countries | IT |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 a, 07100 Sassari, Italy |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01bnjbv91 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | University of Sassari |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Luca Ghiani |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 a, 07100 Sassari, Italy |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5031208580 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1010-3495 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Alberto Sassu |
| authorships[1].countries | IT |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 a, 07100 Sassari, Italy |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01bnjbv91 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | University of Sassari |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Alberto Sassu |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 a, 07100 Sassari, Italy |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5028624281 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6155-1979 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Francesca Palumbo |
| authorships[2].countries | IT |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Intelligent System DEsign and Applications (IDEA) Group, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01bnjbv91 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | University of Sassari |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Francesca Palumbo |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Intelligent System DEsign and Applications (IDEA) Group, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5045993093 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-3585 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Luca Mercenaro |
| authorships[3].countries | IT |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 a, 07100 Sassari, Italy |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01bnjbv91 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | University of Sassari |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Luca Mercenaro |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 a, 07100 Sassari, Italy |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5075502195 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-3901 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Filippo Gambella |
| authorships[4].countries | IT |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 a, 07100 Sassari, Italy |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01bnjbv91 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | University of Sassari |
| authorships[4].author_position | last |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Filippo Gambella |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 a, 07100 Sassari, Italy |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3908/pdf?version=1623139187 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | In-Field Automatic Detection of Grape Bunches under a Totally Uncontrolled Environment |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10616 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Agricultural and Biological Sciences |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1110 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Plant Science |
| primary_topic.display_name | Smart Agriculture and AI |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W150846883, https://openalex.org/W85514071, https://openalex.org/W621131920, https://openalex.org/W2158036312, https://openalex.org/W2185276558, https://openalex.org/W2364991505, https://openalex.org/W2370449540, https://openalex.org/W2372885251, https://openalex.org/W2363458964, https://openalex.org/W2351981332 |
| cited_by_count | 35 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 7 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 7 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 13 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 7 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 6 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/s21113908 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S101949793 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1424-8220 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1424-8220 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Sensors |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3908/pdf?version=1623139187 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Sensors |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113908 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/s21113908 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S101949793 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1424-8220 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1424-8220 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Sensors |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3908/pdf?version=1623139187 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Sensors |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113908 |
| publication_date | 2021-06-05 |
| publication_year | 2021 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2011325105, https://openalex.org/W2567643124, https://openalex.org/W3012290492, https://openalex.org/W3012148064, https://openalex.org/W1600079720, https://openalex.org/W1628727861, https://openalex.org/W6693669822, https://openalex.org/W6745207856, https://openalex.org/W3011498177, https://openalex.org/W2332756256, https://openalex.org/W2165703940, https://openalex.org/W3127387398, https://openalex.org/W6681154095, https://openalex.org/W2036730396, https://openalex.org/W4251147723, https://openalex.org/W6804270185, https://openalex.org/W2884367402, https://openalex.org/W2972006294, https://openalex.org/W2102605133, https://openalex.org/W1536680647, https://openalex.org/W639708223, https://openalex.org/W2963037989, https://openalex.org/W2963150697, https://openalex.org/W2501369945, https://openalex.org/W2945051190, https://openalex.org/W3129465611, https://openalex.org/W2753403518, https://openalex.org/W2799842361, https://openalex.org/W2063197142, https://openalex.org/W1489141615, https://openalex.org/W2604559464, https://openalex.org/W2133059825, https://openalex.org/W2145792835, https://openalex.org/W2028045291, https://openalex.org/W2215318509, https://openalex.org/W2023726356, https://openalex.org/W2588938825, https://openalex.org/W2199275510, https://openalex.org/W1892082890, https://openalex.org/W2536455790, https://openalex.org/W3043115696, https://openalex.org/W2898424076, https://openalex.org/W2954996726, https://openalex.org/W1861492603, https://openalex.org/W6715684009, https://openalex.org/W2007196392, https://openalex.org/W2781120235, https://openalex.org/W6722181084, https://openalex.org/W3151176870, https://openalex.org/W2970413811, https://openalex.org/W1998888015, https://openalex.org/W2907337442, https://openalex.org/W3214102110, https://openalex.org/W2951548327, https://openalex.org/W2765504015, https://openalex.org/W3176923149, https://openalex.org/W2268190005, https://openalex.org/W2109934232, https://openalex.org/W2413209936, https://openalex.org/W2599765304, https://openalex.org/W94785753, https://openalex.org/W2142200172 |
| referenced_works_count | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 48, 70, 77, 94, 98, 122, 131, 141, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.An | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 73, 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 47, 56, 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 3, 7, 27, 34, 41, 93, 113, 121, 125, 133, 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 18, 38, 66, 97, 118, 140, 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 43, 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 14, 87, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.91% | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 31, 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 10, 24, 51, 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.how | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 57, 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.one | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 4, 25, 82, 89, 109, 119, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deep | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.make | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.many | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mean | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.only | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.size | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.task | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vine | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 37, 65, 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.early | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exact | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.given | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.helps | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.image | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.labor | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.large | 60, 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plant | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tasks | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trees | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.yield | 35, 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.amount | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.better | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detect | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.field. | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.force. | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fruit, | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fruits | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.grape, | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.manual | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.neural | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.object | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scene. | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.viable | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Average | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.absence | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bunches | 134, 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.current | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.depends | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disease | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.farmers | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fields. | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flowers | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fruits, | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.harvest | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.largely | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.network | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.objects | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.process | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regard. | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.robotic | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specify | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.success | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trained | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.typical | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.workers | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.counting | 40, 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detector | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.directly | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feasible | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flowers, | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.practice | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presence | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presents | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.process, | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provides | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.samples. | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solution | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specific | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.training | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Automatic | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consuming | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decisions | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.expensive | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.location, | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Precision. | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.estimation | 2, 36, 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.practices, | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.agriculture | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cultivation | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prevention, | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Experimental | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.availability | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.convolutional | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.classification | 80 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5075502195 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I159650629 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.6700000166893005 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Zero hunger |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.9595984 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |