Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence Article Swipe
Piers Forster
,
Chris Smith
,
Tristram Walsh
,
William F. Lamb
,
Robin Lamboll
,
Christophe Cassou
,
Mathias Hauser
,
Zeke Hausfather
,
June‐Yi Lee
,
Matthew D. Palmer
,
Karina von Schuckmann
,
Aimée B. A. Slangen
,
Sophie Szopa
,
Blair Trewin
,
Jeongeun Yun
,
Nathan P. Gillett
,
Stuart Jenkins
,
H. Damon Matthews
,
R. Krishnan
,
Aurélien Ribes
,
Joeri Rogelj
,
Debbie Rosen
,
Xuebin Zhang
,
Myles Allen
,
Lara Aleluia Reis
,
Robbie M. Andrew
,
Richard Betts
,
Alex Borger
,
Jiddu A. Broersma
,
Samantha Burgess
,
Lijing Cheng
,
Pierre Friedlingstein
,
Catia M. Domingues
,
Marco Gambarini
,
Thomas Gasser
,
Johannes Gütschow
,
Masayoshi Ishii
,
Christopher Kadow
,
John Kennedy
,
Rachel Killick
,
Paul B. Krummel
,
Aurélien Liné
,
Didier P. Monselesan
,
Colin Morice
,
Jens Mühle
,
Vaishali Naïk
,
Glen P. Peters
,
Anna Pirani
,
Julia Pongratz
,
Jan C. Minx
,
Matthew Rigby
,
Robert Rohde
,
Abhishek Savita
,
Sonia I. Seneviratne
,
Peter Thorne
,
Christopher Wells
,
Luke M. Western
,
Guido R. van der Werf
,
Susan Wijffels
,
Valérie Masson‐Delmotte
,
Panmao Zhai
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025
In a rapidly changing climate, evidence-based decision-making benefits from up-to-date and timely information. Here we compile monitoring datasets (published at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15639576; Smith et al., 2025a) to produce updated estimates for key indicators of the state of the climate system: net emissions of greenhouse gases and short-lived climate forcers, greenhouse gas concentrations, radiative forcing, the Earth's energy imbalance, surface temperature changes, warming attributed to human activities, the remaining carbon budget, and estimates of global temperature extremes. This year, we additionally include indicators for sea-level rise and land precipitation change. We follow methods as closely as possible to those used in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) Working Group One report. The indicators show that human activities are increasing the Earth's energy imbalance and driving faster sea-level rise compared to the AR6 assessment. For the 2015–2024 decade average, observed warming relative to 1850–1900 was 1.24 [1.11 to 1.35] °C, of which 1.22 [1.0 to 1.5] °C was human-induced. The 2024-observed best estimate of global surface temperature (1.52 °C) is well above the best estimate of human-caused warming (1.36 °C). However, the 2024 observed warming can still be regarded as a typical year, considering the human-induced warming level and the state of internal variability associated with the phase of El Niño and Atlantic variability. Human-induced warming has been increasing at a rate that is unprecedented in the instrumental record, reaching 0.27 [0.2–0.4] °C per decade over 2015–2024. This high rate of warming is caused by a combination of greenhouse gas emissions being at an all-time high of 53.6±5.2 Gt CO2e yr−1 over the last decade (2014–2023), as well as reductions in the strength of aerosol cooling. Despite this, there is evidence that the rate of increase in CO2 emissions over the last decade has slowed compared to the 2000s, and depending on societal choices, a continued series of these annual updates over the critical 2020s decade could track decreases or increases in the rate of the climatic changes presented here.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 37
- References
- 149
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4411383704
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4411383704Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influenceWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-06-17Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Piers Forster, Chris Smith, Tristram Walsh, William F. Lamb, Robin Lamboll, Christophe Cassou, Mathias Hauser, Zeke Hausfather, June‐Yi Lee, Matthew D. Palmer, Karina von Schuckmann, Aimée B. A. Slangen, Sophie Szopa, Blair Trewin, Jeongeun Yun, Nathan P. Gillett, Stuart Jenkins, H. Damon Matthews, R. Krishnan, Aurélien Ribes, Joeri Rogelj, Debbie Rosen, Xuebin Zhang, Myles Allen, Lara Aleluia Reis, Robbie M. Andrew, Richard Betts, Alex Borger, Jiddu A. Broersma, Samantha Burgess, Lijing Cheng, Pierre Friedlingstein, Catia M. Domingues, Marco Gambarini, Thomas Gasser, Johannes Gütschow, Masayoshi Ishii, Christopher Kadow, John Kennedy, Rachel Killick, Paul B. Krummel, Aurélien Liné, Didier P. Monselesan, Colin Morice, Jens Mühle, Vaishali Naïk, Glen P. Peters, Anna Pirani, Julia Pongratz, Jan C. Minx, Matthew Rigby, Robert Rohde, Abhishek Savita, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Peter Thorne, Christopher Wells, Luke M. Western, Guido R. van der Werf, Susan Wijffels, Valérie Masson‐Delmotte, Panmao ZhaiList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Climate change, Environmental science, Climate system, Climatology, Key (lock), Geology, Ecology, Oceanography, BiologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
37Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 37Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
149Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4411383704 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4411383704 |
| fwci | 115.37605453 |
| type | article |
| title | Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |
| biblio.issue | 6 |
| biblio.volume | 17 |
| biblio.last_page | 2680 |
| biblio.first_page | 2641 |
| grants[0].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320313907 |
| grants[0].award_id | Met Office |
| grants[0].funder_display_name | Department for Enterprise, Trade and Investment, UK Government |
| grants[1].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320321800 |
| grants[1].award_id | DARSea, project number VI.Vidi.2023.058 |
| grants[1].funder_display_name | Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek |
| grants[2].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320322120 |
| grants[2].award_id | RS-2024-00416848 |
| grants[2].funder_display_name | National Research Foundation of Korea |
| grants[3].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320334627 |
| grants[3].award_id | EP/V000772/1 |
| grants[3].funder_display_name | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council |
| grants[4].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320334631 |
| grants[4].award_id | NE/X00452X/1 |
| grants[4].funder_display_name | Natural Environment Research Council |
| grants[5].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320337998 |
| grants[5].award_id | 101081395 |
| grants[5].funder_display_name | HORIZON EUROPE Excellent Science |
| grants[6].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320337998 |
| grants[6].award_id | 101081661 |
| grants[6].funder_display_name | HORIZON EUROPE Excellent Science |
| grants[7].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320337998 |
| grants[7].award_id | 820829 |
| grants[7].funder_display_name | HORIZON EUROPE Excellent Science |
| grants[8].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320337998 |
| grants[8].award_id | 821003 |
| grants[8].funder_display_name | HORIZON EUROPE Excellent Science |
| grants[9].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320338335 |
| grants[9].award_id | 101137656 |
| grants[9].funder_display_name | H2020 European Research Council |
| grants[10].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320338335 |
| grants[10].award_id | 951542 |
| grants[10].funder_display_name | H2020 European Research Council |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11588 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9944000244140625 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2306 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Global and Planetary Change |
| topics[0].display_name | Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10029 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9840999841690063 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2306 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Global and Planetary Change |
| topics[1].display_name | Climate variability and models |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11320 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Earth and Planetary Sciences |
| topics[2].score | 0.96670001745224 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1902 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Atmospheric Science |
| topics[2].display_name | Atmospheric Ozone and Climate |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320313907 |
| funders[0].ror | |
| funders[0].display_name | Department for Enterprise, Trade and Investment, UK Government |
| funders[1].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321800 |
| funders[1].ror | https://ror.org/04jsz6e67 |
| funders[1].display_name | Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek |
| funders[2].id | https://openalex.org/F4320322120 |
| funders[2].ror | https://ror.org/013aysd81 |
| funders[2].display_name | National Research Foundation of Korea |
| funders[3].id | https://openalex.org/F4320334627 |
| funders[3].ror | https://ror.org/0439y7842 |
| funders[3].display_name | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council |
| funders[4].id | https://openalex.org/F4320334631 |
| funders[4].ror | https://ror.org/02b5d8509 |
| funders[4].display_name | Natural Environment Research Council |
| funders[5].id | https://openalex.org/F4320337998 |
| funders[5].ror | |
| funders[5].display_name | HORIZON EUROPE Excellent Science |
| funders[6].id | https://openalex.org/F4320338335 |
| funders[6].ror | https://ror.org/0472cxd90 |
| funders[6].display_name | H2020 European Research Council |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1400 |
| apc_list.currency | EUR |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1509 |
| apc_paid.value | 1400 |
| apc_paid.currency | EUR |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1509 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C132651083 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.6728111505508423 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Climate change |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C39432304 |
| concepts[1].level | 0 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6330538988113403 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Environmental science |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C2994067962 |
| concepts[2].level | 3 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6127682328224182 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3509184 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Climate system |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C49204034 |
| concepts[3].level | 1 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5310910940170288 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Climatology |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C26517878 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.4707038104534149 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Key (lock) |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C127313418 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.13758563995361328 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Geology |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C18903297 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.12969857454299927 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Ecology |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C111368507 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.09961092472076416 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Oceanography |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[8].level | 0 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.0792287290096283 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Biology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change |
| keywords[0].score | 0.6728111505508423 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Climate change |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6330538988113403 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Environmental science |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-system |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6127682328224182 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Climate system |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5310910940170288 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Climatology |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/key |
| keywords[4].score | 0.4707038104534149 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Key (lock) |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geology |
| keywords[5].score | 0.13758563995361328 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Geology |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology |
| keywords[6].score | 0.12969857454299927 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Ecology |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography |
| keywords[7].score | 0.09961092472076416 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Oceanography |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biology |
| keywords[8].score | 0.0792287290096283 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Biology |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S106909380 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1866-3508, 1866-3516 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1866-3508 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Earth system science data |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310313756 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Copernicus Publications |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310313756 |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Earth System Science Data |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:nora.nerc.ac.uk:539776 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400758 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I141816643 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | Natural Environment Research Council |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I141816643 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | acceptedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | PeerReviewed |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6078-0171 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5267adf43d7d4c438fce78931fd97e52 |
| locations[2].is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | |
| locations[2].license | |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Earth System Science Data, Vol 17, Pp 2641-2680 (2025) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/5267adf43d7d4c438fce78931fd97e52 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5036642769 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6078-0171 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Piers Forster |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Piers M. Forster |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5021058724 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-4633 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Chris Smith |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Chris Smith |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5072442447 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5227-9432 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Tristram Walsh |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Tristram Walsh |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5002742682 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3273-7878 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | William F. Lamb |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | William F. Lamb |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5067664553 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8410-037X |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Robin Lamboll |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Robin Lamboll |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5015004258 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5164-1612 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Christophe Cassou |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Christophe Cassou |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5042973034 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0057-4878 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Mathias Hauser |
| authorships[6].author_position | middle |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Mathias Hauser |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[7].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5085329398 |
| authorships[7].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2926-0581 |
| authorships[7].author.display_name | Zeke Hausfather |
| authorships[7].author_position | middle |
| authorships[7].raw_author_name | Zeke Hausfather |
| authorships[7].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[8].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5031845475 |
| authorships[8].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9753 |
| authorships[8].author.display_name | June‐Yi Lee |
| authorships[8].author_position | middle |
| authorships[8].raw_author_name | June-Yi Lee |
| authorships[8].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[9].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5051114365 |
| authorships[9].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7422-198X |
| authorships[9].author.display_name | Matthew D. Palmer |
| authorships[9].author_position | middle |
| authorships[9].raw_author_name | Matthew D. Palmer |
| authorships[9].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[10].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5013970816 |
| authorships[10].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-8528 |
| authorships[10].author.display_name | Karina von Schuckmann |
| authorships[10].author_position | middle |
| authorships[10].raw_author_name | Karina von Schuckmann |
| authorships[10].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[11].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5041541652 |
| authorships[11].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6268-6683 |
| authorships[11].author.display_name | Aimée B. A. Slangen |
| authorships[11].author_position | middle |
| authorships[11].raw_author_name | Aimée B. A. Slangen |
| authorships[11].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[12].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5049397605 |
| authorships[12].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-1737 |
| authorships[12].author.display_name | Sophie Szopa |
| authorships[12].author_position | middle |
| authorships[12].raw_author_name | Sophie Szopa |
| authorships[12].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[13].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5034264877 |
| authorships[13].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8186-7885 |
| authorships[13].author.display_name | Blair Trewin |
| authorships[13].author_position | middle |
| authorships[13].raw_author_name | Blair Trewin |
| authorships[13].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[14].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5104255827 |
| authorships[14].author.orcid | |
| authorships[14].author.display_name | Jeongeun Yun |
| authorships[14].author_position | middle |
| authorships[14].raw_author_name | Jeongeun Yun |
| authorships[14].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[15].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5068796541 |
| authorships[15].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2957-0002 |
| authorships[15].author.display_name | Nathan P. Gillett |
| authorships[15].author_position | middle |
| authorships[15].raw_author_name | Nathan P. Gillett |
| authorships[15].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[16].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5077411503 |
| authorships[16].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2284-0302 |
| authorships[16].author.display_name | Stuart Jenkins |
| authorships[16].author_position | middle |
| authorships[16].raw_author_name | Stuart Jenkins |
| authorships[16].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[17].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5051571272 |
| authorships[17].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3625-390X |
| authorships[17].author.display_name | H. Damon Matthews |
| authorships[17].author_position | middle |
| authorships[17].raw_author_name | H. Damon Matthews |
| authorships[17].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[18].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5030055383 |
| authorships[18].author.orcid | |
| authorships[18].author.display_name | R. Krishnan |
| authorships[18].author_position | middle |
| authorships[18].raw_author_name | Krishnan Raghavan |
| authorships[18].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[19].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5063214367 |
| authorships[19].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5102-7885 |
| authorships[19].author.display_name | Aurélien Ribes |
| authorships[19].author_position | middle |
| authorships[19].raw_author_name | Aurélien Ribes |
| authorships[19].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[20].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5017820045 |
| authorships[20].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2056-9061 |
| authorships[20].author.display_name | Joeri Rogelj |
| authorships[20].author_position | middle |
| authorships[20].raw_author_name | Joeri Rogelj |
| authorships[20].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[21].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5077833316 |
| authorships[21].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6336-2194 |
| authorships[21].author.display_name | Debbie Rosen |
| authorships[21].author_position | middle |
| authorships[21].raw_author_name | Debbie Rosen |
| authorships[21].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[22].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5000853328 |
| authorships[22].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1731-3524 |
| authorships[22].author.display_name | Xuebin Zhang |
| authorships[22].author_position | middle |
| authorships[22].raw_author_name | Xuebin Zhang |
| authorships[22].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[23].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5090929938 |
| authorships[23].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1721-7172 |
| authorships[23].author.display_name | Myles Allen |
| authorships[23].author_position | middle |
| authorships[23].raw_author_name | Myles Allen |
| authorships[23].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[24].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5051871215 |
| authorships[24].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6676-7007 |
| authorships[24].author.display_name | Lara Aleluia Reis |
| authorships[24].author_position | middle |
| authorships[24].raw_author_name | Lara Aleluia Reis |
| authorships[24].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[25].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5048963628 |
| authorships[25].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8590-6431 |
| authorships[25].author.display_name | Robbie M. Andrew |
| authorships[25].author_position | middle |
| authorships[25].raw_author_name | Robbie M. Andrew |
| authorships[25].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[26].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5026340579 |
| authorships[26].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4929-0307 |
| authorships[26].author.display_name | Richard Betts |
| authorships[26].author_position | middle |
| authorships[26].raw_author_name | Richard A. Betts |
| authorships[26].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[27].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5011635895 |
| authorships[27].author.orcid | |
| authorships[27].author.display_name | Alex Borger |
| authorships[27].author_position | middle |
| authorships[27].raw_author_name | Alex Borger |
| authorships[27].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[28].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5060190391 |
| authorships[28].author.orcid | |
| authorships[28].author.display_name | Jiddu A. Broersma |
| authorships[28].author_position | middle |
| authorships[28].raw_author_name | Jiddu A. Broersma |
| authorships[28].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[29].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5071709108 |
| authorships[29].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0943-9664 |
| authorships[29].author.display_name | Samantha Burgess |
| authorships[29].author_position | middle |
| authorships[29].raw_author_name | Samantha N. Burgess |
| authorships[29].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[30].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5083237411 |
| authorships[30].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9854-0392 |
| authorships[30].author.display_name | Lijing Cheng |
| authorships[30].author_position | middle |
| authorships[30].raw_author_name | Lijing Cheng |
| authorships[30].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[31].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5006387896 |
| authorships[31].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3309-4739 |
| authorships[31].author.display_name | Pierre Friedlingstein |
| authorships[31].author_position | middle |
| authorships[31].raw_author_name | Pierre Friedlingstein |
| authorships[31].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[32].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5058586357 |
| authorships[32].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5100-4595 |
| authorships[32].author.display_name | Catia M. Domingues |
| authorships[32].author_position | middle |
| authorships[32].raw_author_name | Catia M. Domingues |
| authorships[32].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[33].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5092345120 |
| authorships[33].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9562-1456 |
| authorships[33].author.display_name | Marco Gambarini |
| authorships[33].author_position | middle |
| authorships[33].raw_author_name | Marco Gambarini |
| authorships[33].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[34].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5062044999 |
| authorships[34].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4882-2647 |
| authorships[34].author.display_name | Thomas Gasser |
| authorships[34].author_position | middle |
| authorships[34].raw_author_name | Thomas Gasser |
| authorships[34].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[35].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5086493055 |
| authorships[35].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9944-3685 |
| authorships[35].author.display_name | Johannes Gütschow |
| authorships[35].author_position | middle |
| authorships[35].raw_author_name | Johannes Gütschow |
| authorships[35].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[36].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5102954967 |
| authorships[36].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-5548 |
| authorships[36].author.display_name | Masayoshi Ishii |
| authorships[36].author_position | middle |
| authorships[36].raw_author_name | Masayoshi Ishii |
| authorships[36].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[37].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5061544007 |
| authorships[37].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6537-3690 |
| authorships[37].author.display_name | Christopher Kadow |
| authorships[37].author_position | middle |
| authorships[37].raw_author_name | Christopher Kadow |
| authorships[37].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[38].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5002686944 |
| authorships[38].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6841-7289 |
| authorships[38].author.display_name | John Kennedy |
| authorships[38].author_position | middle |
| authorships[38].raw_author_name | John Kennedy |
| authorships[38].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[39].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5011022877 |
| authorships[39].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5335-4097 |
| authorships[39].author.display_name | Rachel Killick |
| authorships[39].author_position | middle |
| authorships[39].raw_author_name | Rachel E. Killick |
| authorships[39].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[40].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5088382667 |
| authorships[40].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4884-3678 |
| authorships[40].author.display_name | Paul B. Krummel |
| authorships[40].author_position | middle |
| authorships[40].raw_author_name | Paul B. Krummel |
| authorships[40].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[41].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5044185463 |
| authorships[41].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-9633 |
| authorships[41].author.display_name | Aurélien Liné |
| authorships[41].author_position | middle |
| authorships[41].raw_author_name | Aurélien Liné |
| authorships[41].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[42].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5102013168 |
| authorships[42].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0310-8995 |
| authorships[42].author.display_name | Didier P. Monselesan |
| authorships[42].author_position | middle |
| authorships[42].raw_author_name | Didier P. Monselesan |
| authorships[42].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[43].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5071410283 |
| authorships[43].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5656-1021 |
| authorships[43].author.display_name | Colin Morice |
| authorships[43].author_position | middle |
| authorships[43].raw_author_name | Colin Morice |
| authorships[43].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[44].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5001429926 |
| authorships[44].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9776-3642 |
| authorships[44].author.display_name | Jens Mühle |
| authorships[44].author_position | middle |
| authorships[44].raw_author_name | Jens Mühle |
| authorships[44].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[45].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5014738904 |
| authorships[45].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2254-1700 |
| authorships[45].author.display_name | Vaishali Naïk |
| authorships[45].author_position | middle |
| authorships[45].raw_author_name | Vaishali Naik |
| authorships[45].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[46].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5040159612 |
| authorships[46].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7889-8568 |
| authorships[46].author.display_name | Glen P. Peters |
| authorships[46].author_position | middle |
| authorships[46].raw_author_name | Glen P. Peters |
| authorships[46].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[47].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5053264314 |
| authorships[47].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-8347 |
| authorships[47].author.display_name | Anna Pirani |
| authorships[47].author_position | middle |
| authorships[47].raw_author_name | Anna Pirani |
| authorships[47].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[48].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5054849631 |
| authorships[48].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0372-3960 |
| authorships[48].author.display_name | Julia Pongratz |
| authorships[48].author_position | middle |
| authorships[48].raw_author_name | Julia Pongratz |
| authorships[48].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[49].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5060648323 |
| authorships[49].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2862-0178 |
| authorships[49].author.display_name | Jan C. Minx |
| authorships[49].author_position | middle |
| authorships[49].raw_author_name | Jan C. Minx |
| authorships[49].is_corresponding | False |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-25T14:43:58.451035 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11588 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9944000244140625 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2306 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Global and Planetary Change |
| primary_topic.display_name | Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2140798747, https://openalex.org/W2948169060, https://openalex.org/W2730112582, https://openalex.org/W2110696645, https://openalex.org/W2358580169, https://openalex.org/W2111347279, https://openalex.org/W4399426197, https://openalex.org/W2487211728, https://openalex.org/W4382631306, https://openalex.org/W2471823737 |
| cited_by_count | 37 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 37 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S106909380 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1866-3508, 1866-3516 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1866-3508 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Earth system science data |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310313756 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Copernicus Publications |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310313756 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Earth System Science Data |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S106909380 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1866-3508, 1866-3516 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1866-3508 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Earth system science data |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310313756 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Copernicus Publications |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310313756 |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Earth System Science Data |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |
| publication_date | 2025-06-17 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2057353349, https://openalex.org/W4396550197, https://openalex.org/W2795581443, https://openalex.org/W4407313883, https://openalex.org/W4281383245, https://openalex.org/W4404467142, https://openalex.org/W3092468885, https://openalex.org/W4311532434, https://openalex.org/W1907369419, https://openalex.org/W4403586852, https://openalex.org/W3207732688, https://openalex.org/W4304163593, https://openalex.org/W4403104289, https://openalex.org/W2909681691, https://openalex.org/W4306690932, https://openalex.org/W2104706002, https://openalex.org/W4229518129, https://openalex.org/W6946072464, https://openalex.org/W2965932637, https://openalex.org/W4401176361, https://openalex.org/W4226333000, https://openalex.org/W4409363555, https://openalex.org/W6944822782, https://openalex.org/W4385228868, https://openalex.org/W4382358556, https://openalex.org/W3019172037, https://openalex.org/W3039574307, https://openalex.org/W6950429290, https://openalex.org/W4401869957, https://openalex.org/W6923708393, https://openalex.org/W3196490087, https://openalex.org/W4391108813, https://openalex.org/W4382358731, https://openalex.org/W4379532246, https://openalex.org/W4399318659, https://openalex.org/W4382358495, https://openalex.org/W1970939982, https://openalex.org/W3071221217, https://openalex.org/W3093432062, https://openalex.org/W4308697725, https://openalex.org/W4408460092, https://openalex.org/W3004850107, https://openalex.org/W4388892288, https://openalex.org/W3123700158, https://openalex.org/W2257477400, https://openalex.org/W4405056749, https://openalex.org/W3157205851, https://openalex.org/W4323838507, https://openalex.org/W4409498007, https://openalex.org/W4382358980, https://openalex.org/W4408883823, https://openalex.org/W2411841442, https://openalex.org/W6912075384, https://openalex.org/W3188852983, https://openalex.org/W4388468385, https://openalex.org/W2121230972, https://openalex.org/W4382359351, https://openalex.org/W3014125413, https://openalex.org/W2767934905, https://openalex.org/W1986916810, https://openalex.org/W3025949386, https://openalex.org/W3041088561, https://openalex.org/W4393851037, https://openalex.org/W6892494040, https://openalex.org/W6930428094, https://openalex.org/W2600399632, https://openalex.org/W4377821603, https://openalex.org/W2588804479, https://openalex.org/W4387937765, https://openalex.org/W4213327538, https://openalex.org/W4281385918, https://openalex.org/W4382363623, https://openalex.org/W4382358979, https://openalex.org/W4382362038, https://openalex.org/W4385118605, https://openalex.org/W4385123314, https://openalex.org/W4306292873, https://openalex.org/W4391844086, https://openalex.org/W6926970172, https://openalex.org/W3139023284, https://openalex.org/W4409734071, https://openalex.org/W4388020336, https://openalex.org/W6942421260, https://openalex.org/W2110641980, https://openalex.org/W4382358676, https://openalex.org/W3170951620, https://openalex.org/W3112636642, https://openalex.org/W2786249405, https://openalex.org/W4406919407, https://openalex.org/W4390263383, https://openalex.org/W4409204355, https://openalex.org/W3211889280, https://openalex.org/W4384407055, https://openalex.org/W6908483794, https://openalex.org/W3003295756, https://openalex.org/W4210654828, https://openalex.org/W2088921075, https://openalex.org/W3118407704, https://openalex.org/W4408780210, https://openalex.org/W4311664742, https://openalex.org/W6931576744, https://openalex.org/W4200594801, https://openalex.org/W2782369283, https://openalex.org/W4386712917, https://openalex.org/W4396530645, https://openalex.org/W3185005015, https://openalex.org/W4403280991, https://openalex.org/W4391436943, https://openalex.org/W3123173332, https://openalex.org/W4390821611, https://openalex.org/W1996534689, https://openalex.org/W4281383849, https://openalex.org/W2956765615, https://openalex.org/W2040223369, https://openalex.org/W4410216787, https://openalex.org/W4220743380, https://openalex.org/W2157455439, https://openalex.org/W4400947778, https://openalex.org/W4312083349, https://openalex.org/W3215426448, https://openalex.org/W4408892094, https://openalex.org/W2607166040, https://openalex.org/W2122966984, https://openalex.org/W6969334542, https://openalex.org/W6911941411, https://openalex.org/W6600774793, https://openalex.org/W2147073553, https://openalex.org/W4396685300, https://openalex.org/W4390911112, https://openalex.org/W2773928770, https://openalex.org/W4382358634, https://openalex.org/W4408361685, https://openalex.org/W4390733810, https://openalex.org/W4309558917, https://openalex.org/W4401671064, https://openalex.org/W4296117266, https://openalex.org/W6964839698, https://openalex.org/W2573821892, https://openalex.org/W4386440431, https://openalex.org/W2761152642, https://openalex.org/W3083704968, https://openalex.org/W4366208486, https://openalex.org/W4402487790, https://openalex.org/W2810491782, https://openalex.org/W4362549187, https://openalex.org/W4399528856, https://openalex.org/W2111119489, https://openalex.org/W4360609083, https://openalex.org/W3173583737 |
| referenced_works_count | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 2, 188, 218, 243, 302 |
| abstract_inverted_index.El | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Gt | 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 92, 94, 187, 264, 266 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 20, 217, 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.et | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 99, 223, 268, 284, 319 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 167, 221, 240, 277 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 33, 36, 42, 72, 148, 161, 173, 199, 206, 238, 245, 254, 271, 282, 305, 322 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 299 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 317 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 26, 63, 96, 128, 140, 145, 152, 294 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 15, 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.AR6 | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CO2 | 285 |
| abstract_inverted_index.For | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.One | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 110, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 11, 45, 70, 85, 122, 196, 209, 297 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 30, 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gas | 50, 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 214, 291 |
| abstract_inverted_index.key | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.net | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.per | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 34, 37, 54, 66, 100, 118, 129, 133, 170, 179, 192, 197, 204, 224, 260, 269, 280, 288, 295, 310, 320, 323 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 142, 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.°C | 154, 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.27 | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.22 | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.24 | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.5] | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2024 | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CO2e | 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Here | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.IPCC | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 76, 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.[1.0 | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.al., | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.best | 159, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 236, 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.land | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.last | 261, 289 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 233, 259, 287, 309 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rate | 219, 237, 281, 321 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rise | 84, 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 113, 220, 279 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 168, 265 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.°C) | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.°C, | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(1.36 | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(1.52 | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(AR6) | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.35] | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2020s | 312 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Group | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Niño | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Sixth | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Smith | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.[1.11 | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.above | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.being | 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.could | 314 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gases | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.here. | 327 |
| abstract_inverted_index.human | 64, 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.level | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phase | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.state | 35, 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.still | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.there | 276 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 306 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this, | 275 |
| abstract_inverted_index.those | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.track | 315 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.year, | 77, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.°C). | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2000s, | 296 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2025a) | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Report | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.annual | 307 |
| abstract_inverted_index.carbon | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.caused | 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decade | 135, 232, 262, 290, 313 |
| abstract_inverted_index.energy | 56, 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.faster | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.follow | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.global | 73, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.series | 304 |
| abstract_inverted_index.slowed | 292 |
| abstract_inverted_index.timely | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.yr−1 | 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Despite | 274 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Earth's | 55, 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Working | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aerosol | 272 |
| abstract_inverted_index.budget, | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.change. | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.changes | 325 |
| abstract_inverted_index.climate | 38, 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.closely | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compile | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.driving | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.include | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methods | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.produce | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rapidly | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.record, | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.report. | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.surface | 58, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system: | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.typical | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.updated | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.updates | 308 |
| abstract_inverted_index.warming | 61, 138, 175, 182, 194, 213, 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Atlantic | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.all-time | 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.average, | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.benefits | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.changes, | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.changing | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.choices, | 301 |
| abstract_inverted_index.climate, | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.climatic | 324 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compared | 127, 293 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cooling. | 273 |
| abstract_inverted_index.critical | 311 |
| abstract_inverted_index.datasets | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.estimate | 160, 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evidence | 278 |
| abstract_inverted_index.forcers, | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.forcing, | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increase | 283 |
| abstract_inverted_index.internal | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observed | 137, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.possible | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reaching | 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regarded | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relative | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.societal | 300 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strength | 270 |
| abstract_inverted_index.53.6±5.2 | 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract. | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.continued | 303 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decreases | 316 |
| abstract_inverted_index.depending | 298 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emissions | 41, 248, 286 |
| abstract_inverted_index.estimates | 29, 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extremes. | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.imbalance | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increases | 318 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presented | 326 |
| abstract_inverted_index.radiative | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.remaining | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sea-level | 83, 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(published | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Assessment | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activities | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associated | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.attributed | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.greenhouse | 43, 49, 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.imbalance, | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increasing | 117, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicators | 32, 81, 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.monitoring | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reductions | 267 |
| abstract_inverted_index.up-to-date | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1850–1900 | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2015–2024 | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.[0.2–0.4] | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activities, | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assessment. | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.combination | 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considering | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.short-lived | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.temperature | 59, 74, 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variability | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2015–2024. | 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.additionally | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.human-caused | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.information. | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.instrumental | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variability. | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2024-observed | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Human-induced | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.human-induced | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.precipitation | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unprecedented | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(2014–2023), | 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evidence-based | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.human-induced. | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concentrations, | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decision-making | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15639576; | 21 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 100 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 99 |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 61 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.99982016 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | True |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |