Individual Specialization in a Generalist Apex Predator: The Leopard Seal Article Swipe
Emily S. Sperou
,
Douglas J. Krause
,
Renato Borras‐Chavez
,
Patrick Charapata
,
Daniel P. Costa
,
Daniel E. Crocker
,
Kerri J. Smith
,
Bradley E. Thompson
,
A. Best
,
J. P. Anderson
,
Michael E. Goebel
,
Carolina A. Bonin
,
Sarah S. Kienle
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71593
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71593
Apex predators are typically considered dietary generalists, which often masks individual variability. However, individual specialization—consistent differences among individuals in resource use or ecological role—is common in apex predators. In some species, only a few specialized individuals can significantly impact prey populations. Leopard seals ( Hydrurga leptonyx ) are apex predators important to the structure and function of the Southern Ocean ecosystem. Though broadly described as generalists, little is known about their trophic ecology at the population or individual level. We analyzed δ 13 C and δ 15 N profiles in whiskers ( n = 46) from 34 leopard seals in the Western Antarctic Peninsula to assess trophic variation. We also evaluated individual consistency across years using repeat samples from 7 seals over 2–10 years. We compared population and individual isotopic niche space and explored drivers of intraspecific variation in leopard seal trophic ecology. We find that leopard seals have a broad trophic niche (range: 6.96%–15.21‰) and are generalists at the population level. However, most individuals are specialists (59% for δ 15 N and δ 13 C), with only a few generalists (13% for δ 15 N, 6% for δ 13 C). Individuals also specialize at different trophic levels. Most variation in trophic ecology is driven by individual specialization, but sex and mass also contribute. We also find that some seals specialize over time, consistently foraging at the same trophic level, while others switch within and between years. This suggests some seals may disproportionately impact prey, especially when specialists consistently target specific species. Long‐term specialization by a few leopard seals likely contributed to the decline of the local Antarctic fur seal population. Our findings show the importance of examining individual specialization in leopard seals across their range to understand their impact on other prey populations. This approach should be applied to other apex predator populations, as a few specialists can significantly impact ecosystems.
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- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71593
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ece3.71593
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 103
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4411541579
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
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https://openalex.org/W4411541579Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71593Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Individual Specialization in a Generalist Apex Predator: The Leopard SealWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-06-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Emily S. Sperou, Douglas J. Krause, Renato Borras‐Chavez, Patrick Charapata, Daniel P. Costa, Daniel E. Crocker, Kerri J. Smith, Bradley E. Thompson, A. Best, J. P. Anderson, Michael E. Goebel, Carolina A. Bonin, Sarah S. KienleList of authors in order
- Landing page
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71593Publisher landing page
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ece3.71593Direct link to full text PDF
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ece3.71593Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Apex predator, Generalist and specialist species, Leopard, Predator, Seal (emblem), Apex (geometry), Predation, Geography, Biology, Ecology, Anatomy, Archaeology, HabitatTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
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0Total citation count in OpenAlex
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103Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.use | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(13% | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(59% | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Apex | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Most | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 238, 295 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 110, 193, 213, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.apex | 27, 49, 302 |
| abstract_inverted_index.find | 145, 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 96, 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mass | 212 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.only | 32, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 122, 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prey | 40, 293 |
| abstract_inverted_index.same | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.seal | 141, 270 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 274 |
| abstract_inverted_index.some | 30, 219, 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 146, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.when | 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Ocean | 60 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.among | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.broad | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.known | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.local | 267 |
| abstract_inverted_index.masks | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.niche | 131, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.often | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 292, 301 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prey, | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.range | 286 |
| abstract_inverted_index.seals | 43, 99, 121, 148, 220, 241, 259, 283 |
| abstract_inverted_index.space | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 71, 285, 289 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time, | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.years | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2–10 | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Though | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 114, 284 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assess | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.common | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.driven | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impact | 39, 244, 290, 311 |
| abstract_inverted_index.level, | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.level. | 79, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.likely | 260 |
| abstract_inverted_index.little | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.others | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.repeat | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.should | 297 |
| abstract_inverted_index.switch | 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.target | 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.years. | 124, 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(range: | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Leopard | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Western | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applied | 299 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.broadly | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decline | 264 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dietary | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.drivers | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ecology | 73, 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leopard | 98, 140, 147, 258, 282 |
| abstract_inverted_index.levels. | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.samples | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trophic | 72, 107, 142, 152, 197, 202, 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ABSTRACT | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 13, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Hydrurga | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Southern | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyzed | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approach | 296 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compared | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ecology. | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explored | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 273 |
| abstract_inverted_index.foraging | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.function | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.isotopic | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leptonyx | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predator | 303 |
| abstract_inverted_index.profiles | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resource | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.species, | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.species. | 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specific | 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggests | 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.whiskers | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Antarctic | 103, 268 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Peninsula | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.described | 64 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.examining | 278 |
| abstract_inverted_index.important | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predators | 2, 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.role—is | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structure | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.typically | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variation | 138, 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considered | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ecological | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ecosystem. | 61 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.individual | 11, 14, 78, 112, 129, 207, 279 |
| abstract_inverted_index.population | 76, 127, 161 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.specialize | 194, 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.understand | 288 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variation. | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Individuals | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Long‐term | 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consistency | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contribute. | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contributed | 261 |
| abstract_inverted_index.differences | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ecosystems. | 312 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generalists | 158, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.individuals | 18, 36, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.population. | 271 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specialists | 167, 248, 308 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.populations. | 41, 294 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.intraspecific | 137 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.specialization | 254, 280 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specialization, | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.6.96%–15.21‰) | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disproportionately | 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specialization—consistent | 15 |
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| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 13 |
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| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |