Inhalation cancer risk assessment for environmental exposure to hexavalent chromium: Comparison of margin-of-exposure and linear extrapolation approaches Article Swipe
Deborah M. Proctor
,
Virunya S. Bhat
,
Mina Suh
,
Heidi Reichert
,
Xiaohui Jiang
,
Chad M. Thompson
·
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] exists in the ambient air at low concentrations (average upperbound ~0.1 ng/m3) yet airborne concentrations typically exceed EPA's Regional Screening Level for residential exposure (0.012 ng/m3) and other similar benchmarks, which assume a mutagenic mode of action (MOA) and use low-dose linear risk assessment models. We reviewed Cr(VI) inhalation unit risk estimates developed by researchers and regulatory agencies for environmental and occupational exposures and the underlying epidemiologic data, updated a previously published MOA analysis, and conducted dose-response modeling of rodent carcinogenicity data to evaluate the need for alternative exposure-response data and risk assessment approaches. Current research supports the role of non-mutagenic key events in the MOA, with growing evidence for epigenetic modifiers. Animal data show a weak carcinogenic response, even at cytotoxic exposures, and highlight the uncertainties associated with the current epidemiological data used in risk assessment. Points of departure from occupational and animal studies were used to determine margins of exposure (MOEs). MOEs range from 1.5 E+3 to 3.3 E+6 with a median of 5 E+5, indicating that current environmental exposures to Cr(VI) in ambient air should be considered of low concern. In this comprehensive review, the divergent results from default linear and MOE assessments support the need for more relevant and robust epidemiologic data, additional mechanistic studies, and refined risk assessment strategies.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- review
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 17
- References
- 98
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3167213328
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3167213328Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Inhalation cancer risk assessment for environmental exposure to hexavalent chromium: Comparison of margin-of-exposure and linear extrapolation approachesWork title
- Type
-
reviewOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2021Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2021-06-02Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Deborah M. Proctor, Virunya S. Bhat, Mina Suh, Heidi Reichert, Xiaohui Jiang, Chad M. ThompsonList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Risk assessment, Exposure assessment, Inhalation exposure, Environmental health, Hexavalent chromium, Environmental science, Toxicology, Inhalation, Medicine, Computer science, Chemistry, Biology, Chromium, Organic chemistry, Computer security, AnatomyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
17Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 8, 2024: 3, 2023: 3, 2022: 3Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
98Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3167213328 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969 |
| ids.mag | 3167213328 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34089813 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3167213328 |
| fwci | 1.06436685 |
| mesh[0].qualifier_ui | Q000633 |
| mesh[0].descriptor_ui | D002274 |
| mesh[0].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[0].qualifier_name | toxicity |
| mesh[0].descriptor_name | Carcinogens, Environmental |
| mesh[1].qualifier_ui | Q000633 |
| mesh[1].descriptor_ui | D002857 |
| mesh[1].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[1].qualifier_name | toxicity |
| mesh[1].descriptor_name | Chromium |
| mesh[2].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_ui | D066264 |
| mesh[2].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[2].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_name | Datasets as Topic |
| mesh[3].qualifier_ui | Q000009 |
| mesh[3].descriptor_ui | D004781 |
| mesh[3].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[3].qualifier_name | adverse effects |
| mesh[3].descriptor_name | Environmental Exposure |
| mesh[4].qualifier_ui | Q000592 |
| mesh[4].descriptor_ui | D004781 |
| mesh[4].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[4].qualifier_name | standards |
| mesh[4].descriptor_name | Environmental Exposure |
| mesh[5].qualifier_ui | Q000187 |
| mesh[5].descriptor_ui | D044127 |
| mesh[5].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[5].qualifier_name | drug effects |
| mesh[5].descriptor_name | Epigenesis, Genetic |
| mesh[6].qualifier_ui | Q000187 |
| mesh[6].descriptor_ui | D015972 |
| mesh[6].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[6].qualifier_name | drug effects |
| mesh[6].descriptor_name | Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic |
| mesh[7].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[7].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[7].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[8].qualifier_ui | Q000009 |
| mesh[8].descriptor_ui | D019570 |
| mesh[8].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[8].qualifier_name | adverse effects |
| mesh[8].descriptor_name | Inhalation Exposure |
| mesh[9].qualifier_ui | Q000139 |
| mesh[9].descriptor_ui | D008175 |
| mesh[9].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[9].qualifier_name | chemically induced |
| mesh[9].descriptor_name | Lung Neoplasms |
| mesh[10].qualifier_ui | Q000453 |
| mesh[10].descriptor_ui | D008175 |
| mesh[10].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[10].qualifier_name | epidemiology |
| mesh[10].descriptor_name | Lung Neoplasms |
| mesh[11].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[11].descriptor_ui | D008175 |
| mesh[11].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[11].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[11].descriptor_name | Lung Neoplasms |
| mesh[12].qualifier_ui | Q000009 |
| mesh[12].descriptor_ui | D016273 |
| mesh[12].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[12].qualifier_name | adverse effects |
| mesh[12].descriptor_name | Occupational Exposure |
| mesh[13].qualifier_ui | Q000592 |
| mesh[13].descriptor_ui | D016273 |
| mesh[13].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[13].qualifier_name | standards |
| mesh[13].descriptor_name | Occupational Exposure |
| mesh[14].qualifier_ui | Q000379 |
| mesh[14].descriptor_ui | D018570 |
| mesh[14].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[14].qualifier_name | methods |
| mesh[14].descriptor_name | Risk Assessment |
| mesh[15].qualifier_ui | Q000453 |
| mesh[15].descriptor_ui | D014481 |
| mesh[15].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[15].qualifier_name | epidemiology |
| mesh[15].descriptor_name | United States |
| mesh[16].qualifier_ui | Q000592 |
| mesh[16].descriptor_ui | D014484 |
| mesh[16].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[16].qualifier_name | standards |
| mesh[16].descriptor_name | United States Environmental Protection Agency |
| mesh[17].qualifier_ui | Q000633 |
| mesh[17].descriptor_ui | D002274 |
| mesh[17].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[17].qualifier_name | toxicity |
| mesh[17].descriptor_name | Carcinogens, Environmental |
| mesh[18].qualifier_ui | Q000633 |
| mesh[18].descriptor_ui | D002857 |
| mesh[18].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[18].qualifier_name | toxicity |
| mesh[18].descriptor_name | Chromium |
| mesh[19].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[19].descriptor_ui | D066264 |
| mesh[19].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[19].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[19].descriptor_name | Datasets as Topic |
| mesh[20].qualifier_ui | Q000009 |
| mesh[20].descriptor_ui | D004781 |
| mesh[20].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[20].qualifier_name | adverse effects |
| mesh[20].descriptor_name | Environmental Exposure |
| mesh[21].qualifier_ui | Q000592 |
| mesh[21].descriptor_ui | D004781 |
| mesh[21].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[21].qualifier_name | standards |
| mesh[21].descriptor_name | Environmental Exposure |
| mesh[22].qualifier_ui | Q000187 |
| mesh[22].descriptor_ui | D044127 |
| mesh[22].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[22].qualifier_name | drug effects |
| mesh[22].descriptor_name | Epigenesis, Genetic |
| mesh[23].qualifier_ui | Q000187 |
| mesh[23].descriptor_ui | D015972 |
| mesh[23].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[23].qualifier_name | drug effects |
| mesh[23].descriptor_name | Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic |
| mesh[24].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[24].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[24].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[24].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[24].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[25].qualifier_ui | Q000009 |
| mesh[25].descriptor_ui | D019570 |
| mesh[25].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[25].qualifier_name | adverse effects |
| mesh[25].descriptor_name | Inhalation Exposure |
| mesh[26].qualifier_ui | Q000139 |
| mesh[26].descriptor_ui | D008175 |
| mesh[26].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[26].qualifier_name | chemically induced |
| mesh[26].descriptor_name | Lung Neoplasms |
| mesh[27].qualifier_ui | Q000453 |
| mesh[27].descriptor_ui | D008175 |
| mesh[27].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[27].qualifier_name | epidemiology |
| mesh[27].descriptor_name | Lung Neoplasms |
| mesh[28].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[28].descriptor_ui | D008175 |
| mesh[28].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[28].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[28].descriptor_name | Lung Neoplasms |
| mesh[29].qualifier_ui | Q000009 |
| mesh[29].descriptor_ui | D016273 |
| mesh[29].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[29].qualifier_name | adverse effects |
| mesh[29].descriptor_name | Occupational Exposure |
| mesh[30].qualifier_ui | Q000592 |
| mesh[30].descriptor_ui | D016273 |
| mesh[30].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[30].qualifier_name | standards |
| mesh[30].descriptor_name | Occupational Exposure |
| mesh[31].qualifier_ui | Q000379 |
| mesh[31].descriptor_ui | D018570 |
| mesh[31].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[31].qualifier_name | methods |
| mesh[31].descriptor_name | Risk Assessment |
| mesh[32].qualifier_ui | Q000453 |
| mesh[32].descriptor_ui | D014481 |
| mesh[32].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[32].qualifier_name | epidemiology |
| mesh[32].descriptor_name | United States |
| mesh[33].qualifier_ui | Q000592 |
| mesh[33].descriptor_ui | D014484 |
| mesh[33].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[33].qualifier_name | standards |
| mesh[33].descriptor_name | United States Environmental Protection Agency |
| type | review |
| title | Inhalation cancer risk assessment for environmental exposure to hexavalent chromium: Comparison of margin-of-exposure and linear extrapolation approaches |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 124 |
| biblio.last_page | 104969 |
| biblio.first_page | 104969 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11972 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998000264167786 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2307 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis |
| topics[0].display_name | Chromium effects and bioremediation |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10139 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9810000061988831 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2310 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Pollution |
| topics[1].display_name | Heavy metals in environment |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10686 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[2].score | 0.9807000160217285 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2307 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis |
| topics[2].display_name | Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320310509 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/02dqztz06 |
| funders[0].display_name | Electric Power Research Institute |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 3800 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 3800 |
| apc_paid.value | 3800 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 3800 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C12174686 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.714062511920929 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Risk assessment |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C198408306 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6319577097892761 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008388 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Exposure assessment |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C2779777708 |
| concepts[2].level | 3 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5865232944488525 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6033622 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Inhalation exposure |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C99454951 |
| concepts[3].level | 1 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.532159686088562 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Environmental health |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2781468121 |
| concepts[4].level | 3 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.48444226384162903 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2660666 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Hexavalent chromium |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C39432304 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.4744906425476074 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Environmental science |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C33070731 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.38856953382492065 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Toxicology |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C2776954882 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.3516373634338379 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840343 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Inhalation |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C71924100 |
| concepts[8].level | 0 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.26369401812553406 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Medicine |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[9].level | 0 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.1490439772605896 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C185592680 |
| concepts[10].level | 0 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.1220676600933075 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Chemistry |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[11].level | 0 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.11167687177658081 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C511782168 |
| concepts[12].level | 2 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.08723166584968567 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Chromium |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C178790620 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Organic chemistry |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C38652104 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Computer security |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C105702510 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Anatomy |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment |
| keywords[0].score | 0.714062511920929 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Risk assessment |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/exposure-assessment |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6319577097892761 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Exposure assessment |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/inhalation-exposure |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5865232944488525 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Inhalation exposure |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health |
| keywords[3].score | 0.532159686088562 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Environmental health |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/hexavalent-chromium |
| keywords[4].score | 0.48444226384162903 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Hexavalent chromium |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science |
| keywords[5].score | 0.4744906425476074 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Environmental science |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/toxicology |
| keywords[6].score | 0.38856953382492065 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Toxicology |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/inhalation |
| keywords[7].score | 0.3516373634338379 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Inhalation |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine |
| keywords[8].score | 0.26369401812553406 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Medicine |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[9].score | 0.1490439772605896 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry |
| keywords[10].score | 0.1220676600933075 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Chemistry |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biology |
| keywords[11].score | 0.11167687177658081 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Biology |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/chromium |
| keywords[12].score | 0.08723166584968567 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Chromium |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S87719511 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0273-2300, 1096-0295 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0273-2300 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320990 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Elsevier BV |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320990 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Elsevier BV |
| locations[0].license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:34089813 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34089813 |
| indexed_in | crossref, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5052737783 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1596-7455 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Deborah M. Proctor |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210136533 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | ToxStrategies, Inc, 27001 La Paz Rd, Suite 260, Mission Viejo, CA, 92691, USA |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210136533 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03mex2a54 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | company |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210136533 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | BioStrategies (United States) |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Deborah M. Proctor |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | ToxStrategies, Inc, 27001 La Paz Rd, Suite 260, Mission Viejo, CA, 92691, USA |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5021996954 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9718-4955 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Virunya S. Bhat |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | ToxStrategies, Boston, MA, USA |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Virunya Bhat |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | ToxStrategies, Boston, MA, USA |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5021266876 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9557-4933 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Mina Suh |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210136533 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | ToxStrategies, Inc, 27001 La Paz Rd, Suite 260, Mission Viejo, CA, 92691, USA |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210136533 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03mex2a54 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | company |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210136533 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | BioStrategies (United States) |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Mina Suh |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | ToxStrategies, Inc, 27001 La Paz Rd, Suite 260, Mission Viejo, CA, 92691, USA |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5111479092 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Heidi Reichert |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | EpidStrategies, Inc, Ann Arbor, MI, USA |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Heidi Reichert |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | EpidStrategies, Inc, Ann Arbor, MI, USA |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5102498087 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Xiaohui Jiang |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | EpidStrategies, Inc, Ann Arbor, MI, USA |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Xiaohui Jiang |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | EpidStrategies, Inc, Ann Arbor, MI, USA |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5086232184 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2265-7420 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Chad M. Thompson |
| authorships[5].countries | US |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210136533 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | ToxStrategies, Inc, Katy, TX, USA |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210136533 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03mex2a54 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | company |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210136533 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | BioStrategies (United States) |
| authorships[5].author_position | last |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Chad M. Thompson |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | ToxStrategies, Inc, Katy, TX, USA |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969 |
| open_access.oa_status | hybrid |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Inhalation cancer risk assessment for environmental exposure to hexavalent chromium: Comparison of margin-of-exposure and linear extrapolation approaches |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11972 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998000264167786 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2307 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis |
| primary_topic.display_name | Chromium effects and bioremediation |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W3086432466, https://openalex.org/W4296994803, https://openalex.org/W1998870511, https://openalex.org/W4210615633, https://openalex.org/W2065535358, https://openalex.org/W1613434511, https://openalex.org/W1977173016, https://openalex.org/W4401357403, https://openalex.org/W3090581334, https://openalex.org/W1965848693 |
| cited_by_count | 17 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 8 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 3 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 3 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 3 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S87719511 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 0273-2300, 1096-0295 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 0273-2300 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320990 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Elsevier BV |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320990 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Elsevier BV |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S87719511 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0273-2300, 1096-0295 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0273-2300 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320990 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Elsevier BV |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320990 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Elsevier BV |
| primary_location.license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104969 |
| publication_date | 2021-06-02 |
| publication_year | 2021 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2791880553, https://openalex.org/W2921744816, https://openalex.org/W1785321212, https://openalex.org/W2069578961, https://openalex.org/W2056660981, https://openalex.org/W1976007856, https://openalex.org/W2141384728, https://openalex.org/W2058906081, https://openalex.org/W6740836127, https://openalex.org/W1998844662, https://openalex.org/W2949738951, https://openalex.org/W6769192498, https://openalex.org/W3115904282, https://openalex.org/W6603603846, https://openalex.org/W2911679700, https://openalex.org/W3034076284, https://openalex.org/W2040235764, https://openalex.org/W6647787776, https://openalex.org/W2105426204, https://openalex.org/W2169359424, https://openalex.org/W6748780300, https://openalex.org/W3001277797, https://openalex.org/W3036564538, https://openalex.org/W3082898888, https://openalex.org/W2151234335, https://openalex.org/W2037805405, https://openalex.org/W2168499629, https://openalex.org/W2145410858, https://openalex.org/W1537015831, https://openalex.org/W3044364468, https://openalex.org/W2075202322, https://openalex.org/W1986771616, https://openalex.org/W6687954382, https://openalex.org/W2433697014, https://openalex.org/W2089504988, https://openalex.org/W2000208906, https://openalex.org/W2118587617, https://openalex.org/W6678102182, https://openalex.org/W3040501491, https://openalex.org/W2007920368, https://openalex.org/W2027540101, https://openalex.org/W6674766192, https://openalex.org/W3044011367, https://openalex.org/W2326864752, https://openalex.org/W2783901500, https://openalex.org/W2803389893, https://openalex.org/W1976959980, https://openalex.org/W2102357766, https://openalex.org/W2398719377, https://openalex.org/W2077475957, https://openalex.org/W2412953972, https://openalex.org/W6662379048, https://openalex.org/W1976159375, https://openalex.org/W2058799772, https://openalex.org/W1991917215, https://openalex.org/W2153841375, https://openalex.org/W2107507260, https://openalex.org/W1986219410, https://openalex.org/W1964821979, https://openalex.org/W2060554250, https://openalex.org/W2285979789, https://openalex.org/W2913690744, https://openalex.org/W6725740665, https://openalex.org/W2939612818, https://openalex.org/W2958812181, https://openalex.org/W2152626360, https://openalex.org/W6662287260, https://openalex.org/W6675421196, https://openalex.org/W2945575076, https://openalex.org/W2073565251, https://openalex.org/W2731470939, https://openalex.org/W1810400203, https://openalex.org/W2978034960, https://openalex.org/W2970188686, https://openalex.org/W2947955160, https://openalex.org/W2806029467, https://openalex.org/W2893785930, https://openalex.org/W2926308860, https://openalex.org/W2091102871, https://openalex.org/W1489469680, https://openalex.org/W2734909122, https://openalex.org/W2735589619, https://openalex.org/W2098410038, https://openalex.org/W2209796577, https://openalex.org/W2120006671, https://openalex.org/W2047772062, https://openalex.org/W1990786841, https://openalex.org/W2021267738, https://openalex.org/W2047377621, https://openalex.org/W2415671846, https://openalex.org/W2980902175, https://openalex.org/W4246771861, https://openalex.org/W1527072952, https://openalex.org/W2790573186, https://openalex.org/W2511842712, https://openalex.org/W87308260, https://openalex.org/W3023841025, https://openalex.org/W2101642121 |
| referenced_works_count | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5 | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 35, 72, 118, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 8, 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 4, 106, 137, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 38, 81, 102, 141, 153, 167, 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 85, 150, 161, 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.5 | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3.3 | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.E+3 | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.E+6 | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MOA | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MOE | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.air | 7, 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 29, 41, 58, 63, 66, 77, 93, 126, 145, 196, 205, 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 24, 61, 89, 112, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.key | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low | 9, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 5, 67, 87, 100, 107, 128, 132, 190, 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.yet | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.E+5, | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MOA, | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MOEs | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 84, 92, 116, 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.even | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 143, 158, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mode | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.need | 88, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.risk | 45, 53, 94, 138, 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.role | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unit | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 136, 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.weak | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 109, 131, 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.~0.1 | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(MOA) | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.EPA's | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Level | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data, | 70, 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.range | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(0.012 | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Animal | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Cr(VI) | 50, 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Points | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.action | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.animal | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assume | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.events | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exceed | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exists | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.linear | 44, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.median | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.robust | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rodent | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.should | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(MOEs). | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Current | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ambient | 6, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.current | 133, 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.default | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.growing | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.margins | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models. | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.refined | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.review, | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.similar | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.support | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.updated | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(average | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Regional | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.[Cr(VI)] | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.agencies | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.airborne | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chromium | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concern. | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluate | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evidence | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exposure | 26, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low-dose | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modeling | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relevant | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reviewed | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies, | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.supports | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Screening | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis, | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducted | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cytotoxic | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.departure | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determine | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.developed | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.divergent | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.estimates | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exposures | 65, 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highlight | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mutagenic | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.published | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.response, | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.typically | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Hexavalent | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.additional | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assessment | 46, 95, 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associated | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considered | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.epigenetic | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exposures, | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicating | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inhalation | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modifiers. | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.previously | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regulatory | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.underlying | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.upperbound | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.alternative | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approaches. | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assessment. | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assessments | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.benchmarks, | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mechanistic | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.researchers | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.residential | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strategies. | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.carcinogenic | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.occupational | 64, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprehensive | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dose-response | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environmental | 62, 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.epidemiologic | 69, 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.non-mutagenic | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uncertainties | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concentrations | 10, 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.carcinogenicity | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.epidemiological | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exposure-response | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ng/m<sup>3</sup>) | 14, 28 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 96 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5052737783 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 6 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210136533 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8199999928474426 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Good health and well-being |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.71225651 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |