Integration and Optimal Control of MicroCSP with Building HVAC Systems: Review and Future Directions Article Swipe
Mohamed Toub
,
Chethan R. Reddy
,
Rush D. Robinett
,
Mahdi Shahbakhti
·
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030730
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030730
Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are omnipresent in modern buildings and are responsible for a considerable share of consumed energy and the electricity bill in buildings. On the other hand, solar energy is abundant and could be used to support the building HVAC system through cogeneration of electricity and heat. Micro-scale concentrated solar power (MicroCSP) is a propitious solution for such applications that can be integrated into the building HVAC system to optimally provide both electricity and heat, on-demand via application of optimal control techniques. The use of thermal energy storage (TES) in MicroCSP adds dispatching capabilities to the MicroCSP energy production that will assist in optimal energy management in buildings. This work presents a review of the existing contributions on the combination of MicroCSP and HVAC systems in buildings and how it compares to other thermal-assisted HVAC applications. Different topologies and architectures for the integration of MicroCSP and building HVAC systems are proposed, and the components of standard MicroCSP systems with their control-oriented models are explained. Furthermore, this paper details the different control strategies to optimally manage the energy flow, both electrical and thermal, from the solar field to the building HVAC system to minimize energy consumption and/or operational cost.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030730
- https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/3/730/pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 19
- References
- 107
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3127116226
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3127116226Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030730Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Integration and Optimal Control of MicroCSP with Building HVAC Systems: Review and Future DirectionsWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2021Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2021-01-30Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Mohamed Toub, Chethan R. Reddy, Rush D. Robinett, Mahdi ShahbakhtiList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030730Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/3/730/pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/3/730/pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
HVAC, Cogeneration, Air conditioning, Electricity, Engineering, Automotive engineering, Architectural engineering, Control engineering, Computer science, Electricity generation, Mechanical engineering, Electrical engineering, Power (physics), Quantum mechanics, PhysicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
19Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 4, 2024: 6, 2023: 2, 2022: 5, 2021: 2Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
107Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3127116226 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030730 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030730 |
| ids.mag | 3127116226 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3127116226 |
| fwci | 0.79308278 |
| type | article |
| title | Integration and Optimal Control of MicroCSP with Building HVAC Systems: Review and Future Directions |
| biblio.issue | 3 |
| biblio.volume | 14 |
| biblio.last_page | 730 |
| biblio.first_page | 730 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10905 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/21 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Energy |
| topics[0].score | 0.9995999932289124 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2105 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment |
| topics[0].display_name | Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T13298 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9986000061035156 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2210 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Mechanical Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Solar Energy Systems and Technologies |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10121 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9970999956130981 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2215 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Building and Construction |
| topics[2].display_name | Building Energy and Comfort Optimization |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2200 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2382 |
| apc_paid.value | 2200 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2382 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C122346748 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.9608157873153687 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773 |
| concepts[0].display_name | HVAC |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2776756539 |
| concepts[1].level | 4 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.5489431619644165 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221620 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Cogeneration |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C103742991 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5143133401870728 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Air conditioning |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C206658404 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.512141227722168 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Electricity |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[4].level | 0 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.4454207122325897 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C171146098 |
| concepts[5].level | 1 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.4122188687324524 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Automotive engineering |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C170154142 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.39125511050224304 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Architectural engineering |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C133731056 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.36647990345954895 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Control engineering |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[8].level | 0 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.3551631271839142 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C423512 |
| concepts[9].level | 3 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.28736984729766846 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Electricity generation |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C78519656 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.23226559162139893 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Mechanical engineering |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C119599485 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.18255457282066345 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C163258240 |
| concepts[12].level | 2 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.1589391529560089 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Power (physics) |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C62520636 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[14].level | 0 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/hvac |
| keywords[0].score | 0.9608157873153687 |
| keywords[0].display_name | HVAC |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/cogeneration |
| keywords[1].score | 0.5489431619644165 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Cogeneration |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/air-conditioning |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5143133401870728 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Air conditioning |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity |
| keywords[3].score | 0.512141227722168 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Electricity |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[4].score | 0.4454207122325897 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering |
| keywords[5].score | 0.4122188687324524 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Automotive engineering |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-engineering |
| keywords[6].score | 0.39125511050224304 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Architectural engineering |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering |
| keywords[7].score | 0.36647990345954895 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Control engineering |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[8].score | 0.3551631271839142 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-generation |
| keywords[9].score | 0.28736984729766846 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Electricity generation |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering |
| keywords[10].score | 0.23226559162139893 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Mechanical engineering |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering |
| keywords[11].score | 0.18255457282066345 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/power |
| keywords[12].score | 0.1589391529560089 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Power (physics) |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/en14030730 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S198098182 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1996-1073 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1996-1073 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Energies |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/3/730/pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Energies |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030730 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:digitalcommons.mtu.edu:michigantech-p-34200 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4377196391 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (Michigan Technological University) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I11957088 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | Michigan Technological University |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I11957088 |
| locations[1].license | cc-by |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | text |
| locations[1].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Michigan Tech Publications |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/14898 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4dccae69495d4a95b6042efb43e636ef |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Energies, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 730 (2021) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/4dccae69495d4a95b6042efb43e636ef |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1996-1073/14/3/730/ |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400947 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | MDPI (MDPI AG) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[3].license | cc-by |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | Text |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | Energies; Volume 14; Issue 3; Pages: 730 |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030730 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5063510710 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4996-5351 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Mohamed Toub |
| authorships[0].countries | MA |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I126477371, https://openalex.org/I127336678 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Mohammadia School of Engineering, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat 10080, Morocco |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I127336678 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00md3qm14 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I127336678 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | MA |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Ecole Mohammadia d'Ingénieurs |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I126477371 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00r8w8f84 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I126477371 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | MA |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | Mohammed V University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Mohamed Toub |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Mohammadia School of Engineering, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat 10080, Morocco |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5026649356 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5372-262X |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Chethan R. Reddy |
| authorships[1].countries | US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I11957088 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Mechanical Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I11957088 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0036rpn28 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I11957088 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Michigan Technological University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Chethan R. Reddy |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Mechanical Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5049348793 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1894-4857 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Rush D. Robinett |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I11957088 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Mechanical Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I11957088 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0036rpn28 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I11957088 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Michigan Technological University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Rush D. Robinett |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Mechanical Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5024872557 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5586-1375 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Mahdi Shahbakhti |
| authorships[3].countries | CA |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I154425047 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I154425047 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0160cpw27 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I154425047 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | University of Alberta |
| authorships[3].author_position | last |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Mahdi Shahbakhti |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/3/730/pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Integration and Optimal Control of MicroCSP with Building HVAC Systems: Review and Future Directions |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10905 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/21 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Energy |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9995999932289124 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2105 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment |
| primary_topic.display_name | Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W3119380384, https://openalex.org/W177218110, https://openalex.org/W2046394057, https://openalex.org/W3114368311, https://openalex.org/W3139102042, https://openalex.org/W2386581008, https://openalex.org/W2361564609, https://openalex.org/W2363417545, https://openalex.org/W2351296017, https://openalex.org/W2755798731 |
| cited_by_count | 19 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 6 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 5 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 2 |
| locations_count | 4 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/en14030730 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S198098182 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1996-1073 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1996-1073 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Energies |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/3/730/pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Energies |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030730 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/en14030730 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S198098182 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1996-1073 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1996-1073 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Energies |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/3/730/pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Energies |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030730 |
| publication_date | 2021-01-30 |
| publication_year | 2021 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2991192901, https://openalex.org/W2076150696, https://openalex.org/W2810811898, https://openalex.org/W2900811176, https://openalex.org/W2125328802, https://openalex.org/W6683048020, https://openalex.org/W2121160145, https://openalex.org/W1965061618, https://openalex.org/W2164861471, https://openalex.org/W1618115574, https://openalex.org/W2337630772, https://openalex.org/W2735228652, https://openalex.org/W2684648064, https://openalex.org/W2989749747, https://openalex.org/W2901217897, https://openalex.org/W2889114200, https://openalex.org/W2972799325, https://openalex.org/W2972239117, https://openalex.org/W3012295746, https://openalex.org/W2973081496, https://openalex.org/W2605496182, https://openalex.org/W2947744854, https://openalex.org/W2792003248, https://openalex.org/W2184669187, https://openalex.org/W2107617099, https://openalex.org/W4237088953, https://openalex.org/W2214814260, https://openalex.org/W2157319760, https://openalex.org/W6685718754, https://openalex.org/W2897008866, https://openalex.org/W2790250638, https://openalex.org/W2125337426, https://openalex.org/W2037568836, https://openalex.org/W2124982430, https://openalex.org/W2056506658, https://openalex.org/W1993919290, https://openalex.org/W1983691271, https://openalex.org/W2056243450, https://openalex.org/W2065726972, https://openalex.org/W1989073347, https://openalex.org/W2042612967, https://openalex.org/W2070390503, https://openalex.org/W1995841744, https://openalex.org/W1984949150, https://openalex.org/W2582198653, https://openalex.org/W2086876137, https://openalex.org/W1978348118, https://openalex.org/W2076134482, https://openalex.org/W2220679629, https://openalex.org/W2553245073, https://openalex.org/W2800827375, https://openalex.org/W2085303599, https://openalex.org/W6748478995, https://openalex.org/W2028600975, https://openalex.org/W2235687611, https://openalex.org/W2070651732, https://openalex.org/W2400544702, https://openalex.org/W2210288771, https://openalex.org/W2738148347, https://openalex.org/W2828143518, https://openalex.org/W23005300, https://openalex.org/W2620303447, https://openalex.org/W172342391, https://openalex.org/W1991873640, https://openalex.org/W1818260550, https://openalex.org/W2786385826, https://openalex.org/W2000813736, https://openalex.org/W2083092956, https://openalex.org/W2074107107, https://openalex.org/W2098619461, https://openalex.org/W2772010322, https://openalex.org/W6696988321, https://openalex.org/W2889287033, https://openalex.org/W2950478229, https://openalex.org/W2028663745, https://openalex.org/W2113888014, https://openalex.org/W2052057855, https://openalex.org/W2790385952, https://openalex.org/W2048039353, https://openalex.org/W2160239384, https://openalex.org/W2809945429, https://openalex.org/W2972751500, https://openalex.org/W2582948551, https://openalex.org/W2065868361, https://openalex.org/W2061558596, https://openalex.org/W2028874605, https://openalex.org/W2595951059, https://openalex.org/W2290746827, https://openalex.org/W2536620281, https://openalex.org/W2123871098, https://openalex.org/W2746463599, https://openalex.org/W2748169431, https://openalex.org/W2888455092, https://openalex.org/W2990833743, https://openalex.org/W3113321744, https://openalex.org/W3044024253, https://openalex.org/W2963602521, https://openalex.org/W2962821278, https://openalex.org/W2963436565, https://openalex.org/W3085522432, https://openalex.org/W2783989143, https://openalex.org/W2908355421, https://openalex.org/W212349719, https://openalex.org/W2158798005, https://openalex.org/W2600970552, https://openalex.org/W2177591945, https://openalex.org/W2293938275 |
| referenced_works_count | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 15, 57, 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.On | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 37, 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 8, 25, 93, 106, 110, 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 33, 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 18, 47, 82, 88, 117, 124, 147, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 39, 72, 98, 135, 176, 190, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 2, 11, 21, 35, 49, 77, 126, 131, 142, 149, 155, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 6, 12, 153, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 14, 60, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.how | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 22, 28, 41, 68, 99, 118, 122, 145, 156, 172, 179, 187, 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.via | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HVAC | 43, 70, 127, 138, 151, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adds | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bill | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.both | 75, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 63, 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.will | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(TES) | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cost. | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.could | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.field | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flow, | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hand, | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.heat, | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.heat. | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 29, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.power | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.share | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solar | 31, 53, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(HVAC) | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and/or | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assist | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.energy | 20, 32, 90, 101, 108, 180, 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.manage | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modern | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.review | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system | 44, 71, 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.control | 84, 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.details | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimal | 83, 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provide | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.storage | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.support | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems | 5, 128, 152, 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thermal | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.through | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Heating, | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MicroCSP | 94, 100, 125, 148, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.abundant | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.building | 42, 69, 150, 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compares | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consumed | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.existing | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.minimize | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presents | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solution | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.standard | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thermal, | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Different | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.buildings | 10, 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on-demand | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimally | 73, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed, | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(MicroCSP) | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.buildings. | 26, 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.components | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electrical | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explained. | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.integrated | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.management | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.production | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.propitious | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strategies | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.topologies | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Micro-scale | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.application | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.combination | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consumption | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dispatching | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electricity | 23, 48, 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.integration | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.omnipresent | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operational | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.responsible | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.techniques. | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Furthermore, | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applications | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.capabilities | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cogeneration | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concentrated | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considerable | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ventilation, | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applications. | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.architectures | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contributions | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.air-conditioning | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.control-oriented | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thermal-assisted | 137 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 98 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 93 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5024872557 |
| countries_distinct_count | 3 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I154425047 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8999999761581421 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Affordable and clean energy |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.65088552 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |