Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Uptake, Toxicity, and Steroidogenesis in Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells Using a Multicellular in vitro Model Article Swipe

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Adrenocortical carcinoma In vitro Toxicity Multicellular organism Nanotoxicology Iron oxide nanoparticles Nanoparticle Cancer research Chemistry Biophysics Materials science Nanotechnology Medicine Biochemistry Internal medicine Biology Cell

Ritihaas Surya Challapalli , Cong Hong , Anna Sorushanova , Obdulia Covarrubias‐Zambrano , Nathan Mullen , Sarah Feely , Jose Covarrubias , Sunita Varghese , Constanze Hantel , Peter Owens , Martin O’Halloran , Punit Prakash , Stefan H. Bossmann , Michael Conall Dennedy ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s519937 · OA: W4413787842

ACC cells actively internalise IONPs without significant impairment of viability or steroidogenesis at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. However, non-specific uptake by monocytes and endothelial cells reduces delivery efficiency. These findings highlight the need for strategies to enhance tumour-specific targeting and improve biodistribution in future theranostic applications.