Jargon and Readability in Plain Language Summaries of Health Research: Cross-Sectional Observational Study (Preprint) Article Swipe
Iain Lang
,
Angela G. King
,
Kate Boddy
,
Ken Stein
,
Lauren Asare
,
Jo Day
,
Kristin Liabo
·
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.50862
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.50862
BACKGROUND The idea of making science more accessible to nonscientists has prompted health researchers to involve patients and the public more actively in their research. This sometimes involves writing a plain language summary (PLS), a short summary intended to make research findings accessible to nonspecialists. However, whether PLSs satisfy the basic requirements of accessible language is unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the readability and level of jargon in the PLSs of research funded by the largest national clinical research funder in Europe, the United Kingdom’s National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). We also aimed to assess whether readability and jargon were influenced by internal and external characteristics of research projects. METHODS We downloaded the PLSs of all NIHR National Journals Library reports from mid-2014 to mid-2022 (N=1241) and analyzed them using the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formula and a jargon calculator (the De-Jargonizer). In our analysis, we included the following study characteristics of each PLS: research topic, funding program, project size, length, publication year, and readability and jargon scores of the original funding proposal. RESULTS Readability scores ranged from 1.1 to 70.8, with an average FRE score of 39.0 (95% CI 38.4-39.7). Moreover, 2.8% (35/1241) of the PLSs had an FRE score classified as “plain English” or better; none had readability scores in line with the average reading age of the UK population. Jargon scores ranged from 76.4 to 99.3, with an average score of 91.7 (95% CI 91.5-91.9) and 21.7% (269/1241) of the PLSs had a jargon score suitable for general comprehension. Variables such as research topic, funding program, and project size significantly influenced readability and jargon scores. The biggest differences related to the original proposals: proposals with a PLS in their application that were in the 20% most readable were almost 3 times more likely to have a more readable final PLS (incidence rate ratio 2.88, 95% CI 1.86-4.45). Those with the 20% least jargon in the original application were more than 10 times as likely to have low levels of jargon in the final PLS (incidence rate ratio 13.87, 95% CI 5.17-37.2). There was no observable trend over time. CONCLUSIONS Most of the PLSs published in the NIHR’s National Journals Library have poor readability due to their complexity and use of jargon. None were readable at a level in keeping with the average reading age of the UK population. There were significant variations in readability and jargon scores depending on the research topic, funding program, and other factors. Notably, the readability of the original funding proposal seemed to significantly impact the final report’s readability. Ways of improving the accessibility of PLSs are needed, as is greater clarity over who and what they are for.
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Metadata
- Type
- preprint
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.50862
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 79
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
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All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4384500163Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.50862Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Jargon and Readability in Plain Language Summaries of Health Research: Cross-Sectional Observational Study (Preprint)Work title
- Type
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preprintOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2023Year of publication
- Publication date
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2023-07-14Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Iain Lang, Angela G. King, Kate Boddy, Ken Stein, Lauren Asare, Jo Day, Kristin LiaboList of authors in order
- Landing page
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https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.50862Publisher landing page
- Open access
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YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
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goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
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https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.50862Direct OA link when available
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Jargon, Readability, Plain English, Plain language, Observational study, Reading (process), Psychology, Medical education, Medicine, Computer science, Political science, Statistics, Mathematics, Linguistics, Law, Programming language, PhilosophyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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0Total citation count in OpenAlex
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79Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.low | 340 |
| abstract_inverted_index.our | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 19, 50, 65, 72, 78, 86, 121, 139, 156, 178, 206, 225, 230, 253, 284, 297, 323, 328, 345, 367, 371, 396, 401, 415, 424, 427, 435, 442 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 384 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 356 |
| abstract_inverted_index.who | 453 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(95% | 199, 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(the | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2.8% | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.39.0 | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.76.4 | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.91.7 | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Care | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Ease | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Most | 365 |
| abstract_inverted_index.NIHR | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.None | 387 |
| abstract_inverted_index.PLS: | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.PLSs | 48, 73, 122, 207, 254, 368, 445 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Ways | 439 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.each | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for. | 458 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 130, 188, 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 308, 339, 376 |
| abstract_inverted_index.idea | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.line | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.make | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 7, 21, 305, 310, 332 |
| abstract_inverted_index.most | 299 |
| abstract_inverted_index.none | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 360, 452 |
| abstract_inverted_index.poor | 377 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rate | 315, 349 |
| abstract_inverted_index.size | 272 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 264 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 333 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 294 |
| abstract_inverted_index.them | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.they | 456 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 106, 295, 301, 331, 388, 405 |
| abstract_inverted_index.what | 455 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 192, 224, 240, 288, 322, 395 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(FRE) | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2.88, | 317 |
| abstract_inverted_index.21.7% | 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.70.8, | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.99.3, | 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.<sec> | 0, 59, 117, 183, 363 |
| abstract_inverted_index.There | 355, 404 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Those | 321 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aimed | 62, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.basic | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.final | 312, 346, 436 |
| abstract_inverted_index.least | 325 |
| abstract_inverted_index.level | 68, 392 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 421 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plain | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratio | 316, 350 |
| abstract_inverted_index.score | 196, 211, 243, 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.short | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.size, | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 24, 292, 381 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time. | 361 |
| abstract_inverted_index.times | 304, 335 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trend | 359 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.year, | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PLS), | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.13.87, | 351 |
| abstract_inverted_index.</sec> | 58, 116, 182, 362, 459 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Flesch | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Health | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Jargon | 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.United | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.almost | 302 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assess | 64, 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.funded | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.funder | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.health | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impact | 434 |
| abstract_inverted_index.jargon | 70, 105, 147, 175, 257, 277, 326, 343, 411 |
| abstract_inverted_index.levels | 341 |
| abstract_inverted_index.likely | 306, 337 |
| abstract_inverted_index.making | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.public | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ranged | 187, 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scores | 176, 186, 221, 234, 412 |
| abstract_inverted_index.seemed | 431 |
| abstract_inverted_index.topic, | 164, 267, 417 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(NIHR). | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Europe, | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Library | 128, 375 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Reading | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.average | 194, 226, 242, 397 |
| abstract_inverted_index.better; | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.biggest | 280 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clarity | 451 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formula | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.funding | 165, 180, 268, 418, 429 |
| abstract_inverted_index.general | 261 |
| abstract_inverted_index.greater | 450 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involve | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.jargon. | 386 |
| abstract_inverted_index.keeping | 394 |
| abstract_inverted_index.largest | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.length, | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.needed, | 447 |
| abstract_inverted_index.project | 167, 271 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reading | 227, 398 |
| abstract_inverted_index.related | 282 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reports | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.satisfy | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.science | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scores. | 278 |
| abstract_inverted_index.summary | 33, 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.whether | 47, 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.writing | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(N=1241) | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Journals | 127, 374 |
| abstract_inverted_index.NIHR’s | 372 |
| abstract_inverted_index.National | 89, 126, 373 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Notably, | 423 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Research | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.actively | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyzed | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clinical | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.external | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factors. | 422 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.included | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intended | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.internal | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involves | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.language | 32, 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mid-2014 | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mid-2022 | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.national | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.original | 179, 285, 329, 428 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patients | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.program, | 166, 269, 419 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prompted | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposal | 430 |
| abstract_inverted_index.readable | 300, 311, 389 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research | 41, 75, 82, 114, 163, 266, 416 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suitable | 259 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unclear. | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.“plain | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(35/1241) | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Institute | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Moreover, | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Variables | 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis, | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.depending | 413 |
| abstract_inverted_index.following | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improving | 441 |
| abstract_inverted_index.projects. | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposal. | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposals | 287 |
| abstract_inverted_index.published | 369 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research. | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sometimes | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(269/1241) | 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(incidence | 314, 348 |
| abstract_inverted_index.91.5-91.9) | 248 |
| abstract_inverted_index.English” | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accessible | 8, 43, 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calculator | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.classified | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complexity | 382 |
| abstract_inverted_index.downloaded | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.influenced | 107, 274 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observable | 358 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposals: | 286 |
| abstract_inverted_index.report’s | 437 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variations | 407 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.86-4.45). | 320 |
| abstract_inverted_index.38.4-39.7). | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5.17-37.2). | 354 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Kingdom’s | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Readability | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.application | 293, 330 |
| abstract_inverted_index.differences | 281 |
| abstract_inverted_index.population. | 232, 403 |
| abstract_inverted_index.publication | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.readability | 66, 103, 173, 220, 275, 378, 409, 425 |
| abstract_inverted_index.researchers | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significant | 406 |
| abstract_inverted_index.readability. | 438 |
| abstract_inverted_index.requirements | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accessibility | 443 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nonscientists | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significantly | 273, 433 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprehension. | 262 |
| abstract_inverted_index.De-Jargonizer). | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characteristics | 112, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nonspecialists. | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.<title>METHODS</title> | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.<title>RESULTS</title> | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.<title>OBJECTIVE</title> | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.<title>BACKGROUND</title> | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.<title>CONCLUSIONS</title> | 364 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 7 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.17246673 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |