Kappa free light chain index predicts long-term disease activity and disability accrual in multiple sclerosis Article Swipe
Klaus Berek
,
Martin Schmidauer
,
Gabriel Bsteh
,
Michael Auer
,
Robert Barket
,
Thomas Berger
,
Franziska Di Pauli
,
Astrid Grams
,
Michaela Hassler
,
Lukas Lenhart
,
Dejan Milosavljevic
,
Anne Zinganell
,
Thomas Berger
,
Janette Walde
,
Harald Hegen
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585251344807
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585251344807
Background: The prognostic value of κ-free light chain (κ-FLC) index over the long term is unknown. Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine whether κ-FLC index determined at disease onset predicts relapse activity and disability accrual during long-term follow-up. Methods: Patients with a first demyelinating event of the central nervous system who had cerebrospinal fluid and serum sampling were eligible for inclusion. At baseline, demographics, clinical data, number of T2 hyperintense (T2L) and contrast-enhancing lesions (CEL) on MRI were assessed. During follow-up occurrence of relapses, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores and disease-modifying treatments (DMT) were registered. κ-FLC was measured by nephelometry and κ-FLC index calculated as (CSF κ-FLC/serum κ-FLC)/albumin quotient. Results: Sixty-four patients with a median age at onset of 32 years (25th−75th percentile: 27−39) and a female predominance of 75% were followed over a median of 113 (90−129) months. Forty-six (72%) patients experienced relapse, 30 (47%) showed disability accrual. Multivariable Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, disease duration, T2L, CEL and DMT revealed that κ-FLC index independently predicts time to relapse (per increase of 10: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.04, lower limit (LL)-confidence interval (CI) = 1.001, p = 0.044) and disability accrual (per increase of 10: HR = 1.05, LL-CI = 1.009, p = 0.022). Conclusions: κ-FLC index predicts long-term disease activity independently of other risk factors.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585251344807
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 2
- References
- 37
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4411328301
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4411328301Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585251344807Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Kappa free light chain index predicts long-term disease activity and disability accrual in multiple sclerosisWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-06-16Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Klaus Berek, Martin Schmidauer, Gabriel Bsteh, Michael Auer, Robert Barket, Thomas Berger, Franziska Di Pauli, Astrid Grams, Michaela Hassler, Lukas Lenhart, Dejan Milosavljevic, Anne Zinganell, Thomas Berger, Janette Walde, Harald HegenList of authors in order
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https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585251344807Publisher landing page
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585251344807Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Medicine, Expanded Disability Status Scale, Internal medicine, Hazard ratio, Confidence interval, Proportional hazards model, Multiple sclerosis, Percentile, Logistic regression, Gastroenterology, Immunology, Statistics, MathematicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
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2Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 2Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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37Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.DMT | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MRI | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 1, 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.age | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 35, 57, 74, 93, 104, 128, 165, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 62, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.had | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 11, 20, 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 22, 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.who | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(CI) | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(CSF | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(HR) | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(per | 176, 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.T2L, | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.age, | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.long | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 10, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.risk | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sex, | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.term | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 60, 80, 97, 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 43, 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(47%) | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(72%) | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(CEL) | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(DMT) | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(T2L) | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.04, | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.05, | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LL-CI | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Scale | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chain | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data, | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.event | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fluid | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.index | 9, 27, 106, 170, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.light | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.limit | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lower | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.onset | 31, 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratio | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.serum | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.value | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.years | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(EDSS) | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.044) | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.001, | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.009, | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.During | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Status | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.during | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.female | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hazard | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.median | 118, 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scores | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.showed | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.κ-FLC | 26, 99, 105, 169, 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.022). | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accrual | 37, 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.central | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disease | 30, 161, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lesions | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.months. | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nervous | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relapse | 33, 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.whether | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.κ-free | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(κ-FLC) | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.27−39) | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Expanded | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Methods: | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Patients | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Results: | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accrual. | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activity | 34, 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adjusted | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clinical | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.eligible | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factors. | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.followed | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increase | 177, 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interval | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measured | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patients | 115, 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predicts | 32, 172, 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relapse, | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.revealed | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sampling | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unknown. | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Forty-six | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assessed. | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.baseline, | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determine | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.duration, | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.follow-up | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.long-term | 39, 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.objective | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quotient. | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relapses, | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(90−129) | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Disability | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Sixty-four | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calculated | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determined | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disability | 36, 151, 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.follow-up. | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inclusion. | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.occurrence | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prognostic | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regression | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.treatments | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Background: | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Objectives: | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experienced | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.percentile: | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.registered. | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(25th−75th | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Conclusions: | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hyperintense | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nephelometry | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predominance | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.κ-FLC/serum | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Multivariable | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cerebrospinal | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demographics, | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demyelinating | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.independently | 171, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(LL)-confidence | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.κ-FLC)/albumin | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disease-modifying | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contrast-enhancing | 75 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 95 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 15 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.95723959 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |