Learning expectations shape cognitive control allocation Article Swipe
Javier Masís
,
Sebastian Musslick
,
Jonathan D. Cohen
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2416720122
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2416720122
Current models frame the allocation of cognitive control as a process of expected utility maximization. The benefits of a candidate control signal are weighed against its costs (e.g., opportunity costs). Recent theorizing has found that, despite promoting the counterintuitive behavior of longer deliberation, which is less rewarding in the short term, it is nevertheless normative to account for the value of learning when determining control allocation. Here, we sought to test this proposal by examining whether people were willing to allocate greater control and thereby expend greater effort (e.g., deliberate for longer) when they perceived a task to be learnable compared to when they did not. We found that participants’ proficiency and learning rate in the first block of a simple perceptual dot-motion task were able to predict their willingness to deliberate in a second block. These findings support the hypothesis that agents consider learnability when allocating cognitive control, and comply with a formal model of control allocation that considers the future discounted value of learning on reward.
Related Topics
Concepts
No concepts available.
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2416720122
- OA Status
- hybrid
- References
- 59
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4415595773
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4415595773Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2416720122Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Learning expectations shape cognitive control allocationWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-10-27Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Javier Masís, Sebastian Musslick, Jonathan D. CohenList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2416720122Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2416720122Direct OA link when available
- Cited by
-
0Total citation count in OpenAlex
- References (count)
-
59Number of works referenced by this work
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4415595773 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2416720122 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2416720122 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41144677 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4415595773 |
| fwci | 0.0 |
| mesh[0].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[0].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[0].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[0].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[0].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[1].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[1].descriptor_ui | D003071 |
| mesh[1].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[1].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[1].descriptor_name | Cognition |
| mesh[2].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[2].descriptor_ui | D007858 |
| mesh[2].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[2].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[2].descriptor_name | Learning |
| mesh[3].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[3].descriptor_ui | D008297 |
| mesh[3].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[3].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[3].descriptor_name | Male |
| mesh[4].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_ui | D005260 |
| mesh[4].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[4].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_name | Female |
| mesh[5].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[5].descriptor_ui | D012201 |
| mesh[5].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[5].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[5].descriptor_name | Reward |
| mesh[6].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[6].descriptor_ui | D000328 |
| mesh[6].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[6].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[6].descriptor_name | Adult |
| mesh[7].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_ui | D055815 |
| mesh[7].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[7].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_name | Young Adult |
| mesh[8].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[8].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[8].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[9].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[9].descriptor_ui | D003071 |
| mesh[9].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[9].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[9].descriptor_name | Cognition |
| mesh[10].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[10].descriptor_ui | D007858 |
| mesh[10].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[10].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[10].descriptor_name | Learning |
| mesh[11].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[11].descriptor_ui | D008297 |
| mesh[11].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[11].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[11].descriptor_name | Male |
| mesh[12].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[12].descriptor_ui | D005260 |
| mesh[12].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[12].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[12].descriptor_name | Female |
| mesh[13].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[13].descriptor_ui | D012201 |
| mesh[13].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[13].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[13].descriptor_name | Reward |
| mesh[14].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[14].descriptor_ui | D000328 |
| mesh[14].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[14].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[14].descriptor_name | Adult |
| mesh[15].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[15].descriptor_ui | D055815 |
| mesh[15].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[15].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[15].descriptor_name | Young Adult |
| mesh[16].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[16].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[16].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[16].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[16].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[17].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[17].descriptor_ui | D003071 |
| mesh[17].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[17].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[17].descriptor_name | Cognition |
| mesh[18].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[18].descriptor_ui | D007858 |
| mesh[18].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[18].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[18].descriptor_name | Learning |
| mesh[19].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[19].descriptor_ui | D008297 |
| mesh[19].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[19].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[19].descriptor_name | Male |
| mesh[20].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[20].descriptor_ui | D005260 |
| mesh[20].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[20].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[20].descriptor_name | Female |
| mesh[21].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[21].descriptor_ui | D012201 |
| mesh[21].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[21].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[21].descriptor_name | Reward |
| mesh[22].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[22].descriptor_ui | D000328 |
| mesh[22].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[22].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[22].descriptor_name | Adult |
| mesh[23].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[23].descriptor_ui | D055815 |
| mesh[23].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[23].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[23].descriptor_name | Young Adult |
| type | article |
| title | Learning expectations shape cognitive control allocation |
| biblio.issue | 44 |
| biblio.volume | 122 |
| biblio.last_page | e2416720122 |
| biblio.first_page | e2416720122 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10656 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Psychology |
| topics[0].score | 0.982699990272522 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3204 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Developmental and Educational Psychology |
| topics[0].display_name | Child and Animal Learning Development |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T12805 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9717000126838684 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| topics[1].display_name | Cognitive Science and Mapping |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10448 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/28 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Neuroscience |
| topics[2].score | 0.9704999923706055 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2805 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Cognitive Neuroscience |
| topics[2].display_name | Memory and Neural Mechanisms |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1073/pnas.2416720122 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S125754415 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0027-8424 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320052 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | National Academy of Sciences |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320052 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | National Academy of Sciences |
| locations[0].license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2416720122 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:41144677 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41144677 |
| indexed_in | crossref, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5052301239 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9643-8677 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Javier Masís |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I20089843 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Princeton University |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I20089843 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00hx57361 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I20089843 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Princeton University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Javier Alejandro Masís Obando |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Princeton University |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5025550714 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8896-639X |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Sebastian Musslick |
| authorships[1].countries | DE, US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I170658231 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Osnabrück University |
| authorships[1].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I27804330 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[3].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I175594653 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[3].raw_affiliation_string | Brown University |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I170658231 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/04qmmjx98 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I170658231 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | DE |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Osnabrück University |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I27804330 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/05gq02987 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I27804330 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | Brown University |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I175594653 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/02ct41q97 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I175594653 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].display_name | John Brown University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Sebastian Musslick |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Brown University, Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, Osnabrück University |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5088141761 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2316-0763 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Jonathan D. Cohen |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Psychology |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I20089843 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Princeton University |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I20089843 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00hx57361 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I20089843 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Princeton University |
| authorships[2].author_position | last |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Jonathan D. Cohen |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Psychology, Princeton University |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2416720122 |
| open_access.oa_status | hybrid |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-28T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Learning expectations shape cognitive control allocation |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10656 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Psychology |
| primary_topic.score | 0.982699990272522 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3204 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Developmental and Educational Psychology |
| primary_topic.display_name | Child and Animal Learning Development |
| cited_by_count | 0 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1073/pnas.2416720122 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S125754415 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 0027-8424 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320052 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | National Academy of Sciences |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320052 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | National Academy of Sciences |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2416720122 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1073/pnas.2416720122 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S125754415 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0027-8424 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320052 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | National Academy of Sciences |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320052 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | National Academy of Sciences |
| primary_location.license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2416720122 |
| publication_date | 2025-10-27 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2539270045, https://openalex.org/W2745802855, https://openalex.org/W2107150361, https://openalex.org/W2164682760, https://openalex.org/W2143594200, https://openalex.org/W2600886565, https://openalex.org/W4363646167, https://openalex.org/W2787887681, https://openalex.org/W4320489683, https://openalex.org/W2057256606, https://openalex.org/W3119901569, https://openalex.org/W3183799817, https://openalex.org/W2152761785, https://openalex.org/W3160658186, https://openalex.org/W2160269795, https://openalex.org/W1863227302, https://openalex.org/W2147130840, https://openalex.org/W2998119418, https://openalex.org/W4224988945, https://openalex.org/W2988893955, https://openalex.org/W4386473272, https://openalex.org/W3191133200, https://openalex.org/W2100476792, https://openalex.org/W2290798512, https://openalex.org/W2115971452, https://openalex.org/W3147590228, https://openalex.org/W3047413465, https://openalex.org/W2022557219, https://openalex.org/W3138341448, https://openalex.org/W2011265495, https://openalex.org/W2158130856, https://openalex.org/W2129641119, https://openalex.org/W2027728102, https://openalex.org/W2069454391, https://openalex.org/W2066931620, https://openalex.org/W2148916325, https://openalex.org/W2076217198, https://openalex.org/W2122066429, https://openalex.org/W3136768043, https://openalex.org/W3016794788, https://openalex.org/W2054698589, https://openalex.org/W2592141543, https://openalex.org/W4407394821, https://openalex.org/W2121813011, https://openalex.org/W2911589237, https://openalex.org/W2027796863, https://openalex.org/W1981578159, https://openalex.org/W2126880773, https://openalex.org/W137420995, https://openalex.org/W2801995417, https://openalex.org/W3120638342, https://openalex.org/W4396988223, https://openalex.org/W3134892708, https://openalex.org/W1976259981, https://openalex.org/W2096322998, https://openalex.org/W2078345484, https://openalex.org/W2034375586, https://openalex.org/W4317600122, https://openalex.org/W4401691019 |
| referenced_works_count | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 9, 18, 95, 119, 133, 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 47, 114, 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 44, 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 5, 11, 17, 40, 60, 118, 155, 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 55, 69, 79, 97, 101, 126, 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 83, 111, 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.did | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 57, 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 3, 37, 48, 58, 115, 139, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.able | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.less | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not. | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rate | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.task | 96, 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.test | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 108, 141, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.they | 93, 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 77, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.when | 62, 92, 102, 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Here, | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.block | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.costs | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.found | 33, 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.frame | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.short | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.term, | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that, | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.value | 59, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(e.g., | 27, 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Recent | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.agents | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.block. | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comply | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effort | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.expend | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formal | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.future | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.longer | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.people | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.second | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.signal | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simple | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sought | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Current | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.account | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.against | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.control | 7, 20, 64, 82, 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.costs). | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.despite | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.greater | 81, 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.longer) | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predict | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.process | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reward. | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.support | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thereby | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.utility | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.weighed | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.whether | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.willing | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allocate | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.behavior | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.benefits | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compared | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consider | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.control, | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.expected | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learning | 61, 112, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposal | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.candidate | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cognitive | 6, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considers | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.examining | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learnable | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.normative | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perceived | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.promoting | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rewarding | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allocating | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allocation | 4, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deliberate | 89, 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discounted | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dot-motion | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hypothesis | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perceptual | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.theorizing | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allocation. | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determining | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.opportunity | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proficiency | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.willingness | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learnability | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nevertheless | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deliberation, | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maximization. | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.participants’ | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.counterintuitive | 38 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5052301239 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 3 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I20089843 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.5893998 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |