Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups Article Swipe

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Viren Swami , Stefan Stieger , Martin Voracek , Toivo Aavik , Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar , Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo , Reza Afhami , Oli Ahmed , Annie Aimé , Marwan Akel , Hussam Al Halbusi , George Alexias , Khawla F. Ali , Nursel Alp-Dal , Anas B. Alsalhani , Sara Álvarez Solas , Ana Carolina Soares Amaral , Sonny Andrianto , Trefor Aspden , Marios Argyrides , John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta , Stephen L. Atkin , Olusola Ayandele , Miglė Bacevičienė , Radvan Bahbouh , Andrea Ballesio , David Barron , Ashleigh Bellard , Sóley S. Bender , Kerim Selvi , Gorana Birovljević , Marie-Ève Blackburn , Teresita Borja-Álvarez , Joanna Borowiec , Miroslava Bozogáňová , Solfrid Bratland‐Sanda , Matthew H. E. M. Browning , Anna Brytek‐Matera , Marina Burakova , Yeliz Çakır-Koçak , Pablo Camacho Lazarraga , Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri , Valentina Cazzato , Silvia Cerea , Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich , Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon , Timothy P. Chambers , Qingwei Chen , Xin Chen , Chin‐Lung Chien , Phatthanakit Chobthamkit , Bovornpot Choompunuch , Emilio J. Compte , Jennifer Corrigan , Getrude Cosmas , Richard G. Cowden , Kamila Czepczor‐Bernat , Marcin Czub , Wanderson Roberto da Silva , Mahboubeh Dadfar , Simon E. Dalley , Lionel Dany , Jesus Alfonso D. Datu , Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho , Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho , Avila Odia S. De Jesus , Sonia Harzallah Debbabi , Sandesh Dhakal , Francesca Di Bernardo , Donka Dimitrova , Jacinthe Dion , Barnaby Dixson , Stacey M. Donofrio , Marius Drysch , Hongfei Du , Angel M. Dzhambov , Claire El-Jor , Violeta Enea , Mehmet Eskin , Farinaz Farbod , Lorleen Farrugia , Leonie Fian , Maryanne L. Fisher , Michał Folwarczny , David A. Frederick , Matthew Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz , Adrian Furnham , Antonio Aliás Garcia , Shulamit Geller , Marta Ghisi , Alireza Ghorbani , María Ángeles Gómez Martínez , Sarah Gradidge , Sylvie Graf , Caterina Grano , Gyöngyvér Gyene , Souheil Hallit , Motasem Hamdan , Jonathan E. Handelzalts , Paul H. P. Hanel ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313107

The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used self-report measure of subjective well-being, but studies of its measurement invariance across a large number of nations remain limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset–with data collected between 2020 and 2022 –to assess measurement invariance of the SWLS across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups ( N = 56,968). All participants completed the SWLS under largely uniform conditions. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that configural and metric invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional SWLS model has universal applicability. Full scalar invariance was achieved across gender identities and age groups. Based on alignment optimisation methods, partial scalar invariance was achieved across all but three national groups and across all languages represented in the BINS. There were large differences in latent SWLS means across nations and languages, but negligible-to-small differences across gender identities and age groups. Across nations, greater life satisfaction was significantly associated with greater financial security and being in a committed relationship or married. The results of this study suggest that the SWLS largely assesses a common unidimensional construct of life satisfaction irrespective of respondent characteristics (i.e., national group, gender identities, and age group) or survey presentation (i.e., survey language). This has important implications for the assessment of life satisfaction across nations and provides information that will be useful for practitioners aiming to promote subjective well-being internationally.

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Measurement invariance Confirmatory factor analysis Respondent Life satisfaction Structural equation modeling Scale (ratio) Psychology Group analysis Social psychology Demography Geography Political science Mathematics Statistics Sociology Cartography Law

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Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313107
PDF: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0313107&type=printable
OA Status: gold
Cited By: 6
References: 139
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313107

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Title: Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups

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Language: en

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Publication year: 2025

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Authors: Viren Swami, Stefan Stieger, Martin Voracek, Toivo Aavik, Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar, Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo, Reza Afhami, Oli Ahmed, Annie Aimé, Marwan Akel, Hussam Al Halbusi, George Alexias, Khawla F. Ali, Nursel Alp-Dal, Anas B. Alsalhani, Sara Álvarez Solas, Ana Carolina Soares Amaral, Sonny Andrianto, Trefor Aspden, Marios Argyrides, John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, Stephen L. Atkin, Olusola Ayandele, Miglė Bacevičienė, Radvan Bahbouh, Andrea Ballesio, David Barron, Ashleigh Bellard, Sóley S. Bender, Kerim Selvi, Gorana Birovljević, Marie-Ève Blackburn, Teresita Borja-Álvarez, Joanna Borowiec, Miroslava Bozogáňová, Solfrid Bratland‐Sanda, Matthew H. E. M. Browning, Anna Brytek‐Matera, Marina Burakova, Yeliz Çakır-Koçak, Pablo Camacho Lazarraga, Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri, Valentina Cazzato, Silvia Cerea, Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich, Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon, Timothy P. Chambers, Qingwei Chen, Xin Chen, Chin‐Lung Chien, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Bovornpot Choompunuch, Emilio J. Compte, Jennifer Corrigan, Getrude Cosmas, Richard G. Cowden, Kamila Czepczor‐Bernat, Marcin Czub, Wanderson Roberto da Silva, Mahboubeh Dadfar, Simon E. Dalley, Lionel Dany, Jesus Alfonso D. Datu, Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho, Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho, Avila Odia S. De Jesus, Sonia Harzallah Debbabi, Sandesh Dhakal, Francesca Di Bernardo, Donka Dimitrova, Jacinthe Dion, Barnaby Dixson, Stacey M. Donofrio, Marius Drysch, Hongfei Du, Angel M. Dzhambov, Claire El-Jor, Violeta Enea, Mehmet Eskin, Farinaz Farbod, Lorleen Farrugia, Leonie Fian, Maryanne L. Fisher, Michał Folwarczny, David A. Frederick, Matthew Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, Adrian Furnham, Antonio Aliás Garcia, Shulamit Geller, Marta Ghisi, Alireza Ghorbani, María Ángeles Gómez Martínez, Sarah Gradidge, Sylvie Graf, Caterina Grano, Gyöngyvér Gyene, Souheil Hallit, Motasem Hamdan, Jonathan E. Handelzalts, Paul H. P. Hanel

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Concepts: Measurement invariance, Confirmatory factor analysis, Respondent, Life satisfaction, Structural equation modeling, Scale (ratio), Psychology, Group analysis, Social psychology, Demography, Geography, Political science, Mathematics, Statistics, Sociology, Cartography, Law

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Cited by: 6

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