Lipoprotein Lipase: Structure, Function, and Genetic Variation Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16010055
Biallelic rare pathogenic loss-of-function (LOF) variants in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) cause familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS). Heterozygosity for these same variants is associated with a highly variable plasma triglyceride (TG) phenotype ranging from normal to severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), with longitudinal variation in phenotype severity seen often in a given carrier. Here, we provide an updated overview of genetic variation in LPL in the context of HTG, with a focus on disease-causing and/or disease-associated variants. We provide a curated list of 300 disease-causing variants discovered in LPL, as well as an exon-by-exon breakdown of the LPL gene and protein, highlighting the impact of variants and the various functional residues of domains of the LPL protein. We also provide a curated list of variants of unknown or uncertain significance, many of which may be upgraded to pathogenic/likely pathogenic classification should an additional case and/or segregation data be reported. Finally, we also review the association between benign/likely benign variants in LPL, many of which are common polymorphisms, and the TG phenotype.
Related Topics
- Type
- review
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16010055
- https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/16/1/55/pdf?version=1736078514
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 3
- References
- 205
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4406100579
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4406100579Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16010055Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Lipoprotein Lipase: Structure, Function, and Genetic VariationWork title
- Type
-
reviewOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-01-05Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Shehan D. Perera, Jian Wang, Adam D. McIntyre, Robert A. HegeleList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16010055Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/16/1/55/pdf?version=1736078514Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/16/1/55/pdf?version=1736078514Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Lipoprotein lipase, Biology, Genetics, Phenotype, Exon, Loss of heterozygosity, Context (archaeology), Genetic variation, Hypertriglyceridemia, Gene, Allele, Triglyceride, Endocrinology, Cholesterol, Adipose tissue, PaleontologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
3Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 3Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
205Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4406100579 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16010055 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16010055 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39858602 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4406100579 |
| fwci | 13.28621275 |
| mesh[0].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[0].descriptor_ui | D008071 |
| mesh[0].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[0].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[0].descriptor_name | Lipoprotein Lipase |
| mesh[1].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[1].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[1].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[1].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[1].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[2].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_ui | D014644 |
| mesh[2].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[2].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_name | Genetic Variation |
| mesh[3].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[3].descriptor_ui | D008072 |
| mesh[3].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[3].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[3].descriptor_name | Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I |
| mesh[4].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_ui | D010641 |
| mesh[4].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[4].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_name | Phenotype |
| mesh[5].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[5].descriptor_ui | D015228 |
| mesh[5].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[5].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[5].descriptor_name | Hypertriglyceridemia |
| mesh[6].qualifier_ui | Q000473 |
| mesh[6].descriptor_ui | D015228 |
| mesh[6].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[6].qualifier_name | pathology |
| mesh[6].descriptor_name | Hypertriglyceridemia |
| mesh[7].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_ui | D000073658 |
| mesh[7].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[7].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_name | Loss of Function Mutation |
| mesh[8].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[8].descriptor_ui | D008071 |
| mesh[8].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[8].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[8].descriptor_name | Lipoprotein Lipase |
| mesh[9].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[9].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[9].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[9].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[9].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[10].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[10].descriptor_ui | D014644 |
| mesh[10].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[10].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[10].descriptor_name | Genetic Variation |
| mesh[11].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[11].descriptor_ui | D008072 |
| mesh[11].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[11].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[11].descriptor_name | Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I |
| mesh[12].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[12].descriptor_ui | D010641 |
| mesh[12].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[12].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[12].descriptor_name | Phenotype |
| mesh[13].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[13].descriptor_ui | D015228 |
| mesh[13].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[13].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[13].descriptor_name | Hypertriglyceridemia |
| mesh[14].qualifier_ui | Q000473 |
| mesh[14].descriptor_ui | D015228 |
| mesh[14].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[14].qualifier_name | pathology |
| mesh[14].descriptor_name | Hypertriglyceridemia |
| mesh[15].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[15].descriptor_ui | D000073658 |
| mesh[15].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[15].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[15].descriptor_name | Loss of Function Mutation |
| mesh[16].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[16].descriptor_ui | D008071 |
| mesh[16].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[16].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[16].descriptor_name | Lipoprotein Lipase |
| mesh[17].qualifier_ui | Q000737 |
| mesh[17].descriptor_ui | D008071 |
| mesh[17].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[17].qualifier_name | chemistry |
| mesh[17].descriptor_name | Lipoprotein Lipase |
| mesh[18].qualifier_ui | Q000378 |
| mesh[18].descriptor_ui | D008071 |
| mesh[18].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[18].qualifier_name | metabolism |
| mesh[18].descriptor_name | Lipoprotein Lipase |
| mesh[19].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[19].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[19].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[19].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[19].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[20].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[20].descriptor_ui | D008072 |
| mesh[20].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[20].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[20].descriptor_name | Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I |
| mesh[21].qualifier_ui | Q000473 |
| mesh[21].descriptor_ui | D008072 |
| mesh[21].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[21].qualifier_name | pathology |
| mesh[21].descriptor_name | Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I |
| mesh[22].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[22].descriptor_ui | D014644 |
| mesh[22].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[22].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[22].descriptor_name | Genetic Variation |
| mesh[23].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[23].descriptor_ui | D015228 |
| mesh[23].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[23].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[23].descriptor_name | Hypertriglyceridemia |
| mesh[24].qualifier_ui | Q000473 |
| mesh[24].descriptor_ui | D015228 |
| mesh[24].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[24].qualifier_name | pathology |
| mesh[24].descriptor_name | Hypertriglyceridemia |
| mesh[25].qualifier_ui | Q000097 |
| mesh[25].descriptor_ui | D014280 |
| mesh[25].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[25].qualifier_name | blood |
| mesh[25].descriptor_name | Triglycerides |
| mesh[26].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[26].descriptor_ui | D010641 |
| mesh[26].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[26].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[26].descriptor_name | Phenotype |
| mesh[27].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[27].descriptor_ui | D008071 |
| mesh[27].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[27].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[27].descriptor_name | Lipoprotein Lipase |
| mesh[28].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[28].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[28].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[28].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[28].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[29].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[29].descriptor_ui | D014644 |
| mesh[29].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[29].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[29].descriptor_name | Genetic Variation |
| mesh[30].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[30].descriptor_ui | D008072 |
| mesh[30].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[30].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[30].descriptor_name | Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I |
| mesh[31].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[31].descriptor_ui | D010641 |
| mesh[31].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[31].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[31].descriptor_name | Phenotype |
| mesh[32].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[32].descriptor_ui | D015228 |
| mesh[32].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[32].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[32].descriptor_name | Hypertriglyceridemia |
| mesh[33].qualifier_ui | Q000473 |
| mesh[33].descriptor_ui | D015228 |
| mesh[33].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[33].qualifier_name | pathology |
| mesh[33].descriptor_name | Hypertriglyceridemia |
| mesh[34].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[34].descriptor_ui | D000073658 |
| mesh[34].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[34].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[34].descriptor_name | Loss of Function Mutation |
| mesh[35].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[35].descriptor_ui | D008071 |
| mesh[35].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[35].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[35].descriptor_name | Lipoprotein Lipase |
| mesh[36].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[36].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[36].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[36].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[36].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[37].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[37].descriptor_ui | D014644 |
| mesh[37].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[37].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[37].descriptor_name | Genetic Variation |
| mesh[38].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[38].descriptor_ui | D008072 |
| mesh[38].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[38].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[38].descriptor_name | Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I |
| mesh[39].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[39].descriptor_ui | D010641 |
| mesh[39].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[39].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[39].descriptor_name | Phenotype |
| mesh[40].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[40].descriptor_ui | D015228 |
| mesh[40].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[40].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[40].descriptor_name | Hypertriglyceridemia |
| mesh[41].qualifier_ui | Q000473 |
| mesh[41].descriptor_ui | D015228 |
| mesh[41].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[41].qualifier_name | pathology |
| mesh[41].descriptor_name | Hypertriglyceridemia |
| mesh[42].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[42].descriptor_ui | D000073658 |
| mesh[42].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[42].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[42].descriptor_name | Loss of Function Mutation |
| type | review |
| title | Lipoprotein Lipase: Structure, Function, and Genetic Variation |
| biblio.issue | 1 |
| biblio.volume | 16 |
| biblio.last_page | 55 |
| biblio.first_page | 55 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T13430 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[0].score | 1.0 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2705 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine |
| topics[0].display_name | Lipid metabolism and disorders |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10027 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[1].score | 0.9706000089645386 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2712 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism |
| topics[1].display_name | Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T12793 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology |
| topics[2].score | 0.9668999910354614 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1307 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Cell Biology |
| topics[2].display_name | Caveolin-1 and cellular processes |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2400 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2598 |
| apc_paid.value | 2400 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2598 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C94879076 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.837821364402771 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420014 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Lipoprotein lipase |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[1].level | 0 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6975290179252625 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C54355233 |
| concepts[2].level | 1 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.655922532081604 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Genetics |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C127716648 |
| concepts[3].level | 3 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5808197259902954 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Phenotype |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C36823959 |
| concepts[4].level | 3 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.515575110912323 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373027 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Exon |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C143589142 |
| concepts[5].level | 4 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5143012404441833 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2617554 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Loss of heterozygosity |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C2779343474 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.5070364475250244 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Context (archaeology) |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C68873052 |
| concepts[7].level | 3 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4647613763809204 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349856 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Genetic variation |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C2776919658 |
| concepts[8].level | 4 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.46307313442230225 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1467339 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Hypertriglyceridemia |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C104317684 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.3832699656486511 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Gene |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C180754005 |
| concepts[10].level | 3 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.2568662166595459 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80726 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Allele |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C2778913445 |
| concepts[11].level | 3 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.22251561284065247 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186319 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Triglyceride |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C134018914 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.11811622977256775 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Endocrinology |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C2778163477 |
| concepts[13].level | 2 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.07786309719085693 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43656 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Cholesterol |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C171089720 |
| concepts[14].level | 2 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193583 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Adipose tissue |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C151730666 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Paleontology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/lipoprotein-lipase |
| keywords[0].score | 0.837821364402771 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Lipoprotein lipase |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biology |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6975290179252625 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Biology |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics |
| keywords[2].score | 0.655922532081604 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Genetics |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/phenotype |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5808197259902954 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Phenotype |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/exon |
| keywords[4].score | 0.515575110912323 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Exon |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/loss-of-heterozygosity |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5143012404441833 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Loss of heterozygosity |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/context |
| keywords[6].score | 0.5070364475250244 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Context (archaeology) |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-variation |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4647613763809204 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Genetic variation |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/hypertriglyceridemia |
| keywords[8].score | 0.46307313442230225 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Hypertriglyceridemia |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/gene |
| keywords[9].score | 0.3832699656486511 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Gene |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/allele |
| keywords[10].score | 0.2568662166595459 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Allele |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/triglyceride |
| keywords[11].score | 0.22251561284065247 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Triglyceride |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrinology |
| keywords[12].score | 0.11811622977256775 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Endocrinology |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/cholesterol |
| keywords[13].score | 0.07786309719085693 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Cholesterol |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/genes16010055 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S194631498 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2073-4425 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2073-4425 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Genes |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/16/1/55/pdf?version=1736078514 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Genes |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16010055 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:39858602 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Genes |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39858602 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11764694 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].license | other-oa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | Text |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Genes (Basel) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11764694 |
| indexed_in | crossref, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5078939440 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8981-5422 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Shehan D. Perera |
| authorships[0].countries | CA |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 4288A-1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02grkyz14 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Western University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Shehan D. Perera |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 4288A-1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100370476 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6759-0522 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Jian Wang |
| authorships[1].countries | CA |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 4288A-1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02grkyz14 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Western University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Jian Wang |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 4288A-1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5018992352 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-5187 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Adam D. McIntyre |
| authorships[2].countries | CA |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 4288A-1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02grkyz14 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Western University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Adam D. McIntyre |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 4288A-1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5035358062 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2861-5325 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Robert A. Hegele |
| authorships[3].countries | CA |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada |
| authorships[3].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 4288A-1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02grkyz14 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Western University |
| authorships[3].author_position | last |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Robert A. Hegele |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 4288A-1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/16/1/55/pdf?version=1736078514 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Lipoprotein Lipase: Structure, Function, and Genetic Variation |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T13430 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Medicine |
| primary_topic.score | 1.0 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2705 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine |
| primary_topic.display_name | Lipid metabolism and disorders |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2353484916, https://openalex.org/W2404120231, https://openalex.org/W2414346359, https://openalex.org/W2001734836, https://openalex.org/W2007389278, https://openalex.org/W2414485083, https://openalex.org/W3151047454, https://openalex.org/W3031400752, https://openalex.org/W2160332038, https://openalex.org/W2076089530 |
| cited_by_count | 3 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 3 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/genes16010055 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S194631498 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2073-4425 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2073-4425 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Genes |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/16/1/55/pdf?version=1736078514 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Genes |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16010055 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/genes16010055 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S194631498 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2073-4425 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2073-4425 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Genes |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/16/1/55/pdf?version=1736078514 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Genes |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16010055 |
| publication_date | 2025-01-05 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2125355462, https://openalex.org/W2612681726, https://openalex.org/W4309726548, https://openalex.org/W6676992161, https://openalex.org/W2059895389, https://openalex.org/W3109969586, https://openalex.org/W2342062507, https://openalex.org/W2036669015, https://openalex.org/W2886921116, https://openalex.org/W2811301994, https://openalex.org/W2090294867, https://openalex.org/W2017658029, https://openalex.org/W2974507377, https://openalex.org/W2163346918, https://openalex.org/W3002672092, https://openalex.org/W2133449590, https://openalex.org/W92916704, https://openalex.org/W3020066171, https://openalex.org/W2547035012, https://openalex.org/W1984259997, https://openalex.org/W2956054395, https://openalex.org/W2090847035, https://openalex.org/W2092504022, https://openalex.org/W1568336232, https://openalex.org/W1588608604, https://openalex.org/W2145642828, https://openalex.org/W2068951980, https://openalex.org/W2904247542, https://openalex.org/W2944398137, https://openalex.org/W2767128978, https://openalex.org/W4366816414, https://openalex.org/W1976037677, https://openalex.org/W2097016818, https://openalex.org/W6859980438, https://openalex.org/W3005337599, https://openalex.org/W4372336687, https://openalex.org/W2188003520, https://openalex.org/W2346093808, https://openalex.org/W1490629978, https://openalex.org/W2189079866, https://openalex.org/W2136431568, https://openalex.org/W2551499720, https://openalex.org/W2594391902, https://openalex.org/W2617605538, https://openalex.org/W2795907272, https://openalex.org/W4281652091, https://openalex.org/W3045901676, https://openalex.org/W3189264236, https://openalex.org/W2730976293, https://openalex.org/W2884536791, https://openalex.org/W3018624008, https://openalex.org/W2790564280, https://openalex.org/W1983089921, https://openalex.org/W2094365421, https://openalex.org/W2037407219, https://openalex.org/W2134193555, https://openalex.org/W1841798962, https://openalex.org/W2006599070, https://openalex.org/W4220853881, https://openalex.org/W3136447990, https://openalex.org/W3214222238, https://openalex.org/W3032087370, https://openalex.org/W2735302968, https://openalex.org/W3217161122, https://openalex.org/W2606804985, https://openalex.org/W2914362161, https://openalex.org/W2114977236, https://openalex.org/W1822845657, https://openalex.org/W2081860696, https://openalex.org/W1495390974, https://openalex.org/W1486748575, https://openalex.org/W4220978836, https://openalex.org/W2736856132, https://openalex.org/W2223162642, https://openalex.org/W1520339390, https://openalex.org/W2364670452, https://openalex.org/W2012176370, https://openalex.org/W2921092881, https://openalex.org/W1569224973, https://openalex.org/W3138693900, https://openalex.org/W2081817480, https://openalex.org/W2051823623, https://openalex.org/W1986910449, https://openalex.org/W1991773605, https://openalex.org/W2060592444, https://openalex.org/W2046913171, https://openalex.org/W1999110412, https://openalex.org/W2553163325, https://openalex.org/W2069210540, https://openalex.org/W2051978340, https://openalex.org/W3037601773, https://openalex.org/W2770026599, https://openalex.org/W2059600528, https://openalex.org/W4385638453, https://openalex.org/W3012282232, https://openalex.org/W4308052523, https://openalex.org/W2585689657, https://openalex.org/W2041618544, https://openalex.org/W2294623823, https://openalex.org/W2809542629, https://openalex.org/W2033872907, https://openalex.org/W2169690694, https://openalex.org/W2069253263, https://openalex.org/W1998531463, https://openalex.org/W4285727656, https://openalex.org/W2773105250, https://openalex.org/W2953238103, https://openalex.org/W2899098952, https://openalex.org/W2809247618, https://openalex.org/W1999219866, https://openalex.org/W2000623416, https://openalex.org/W2039035401, https://openalex.org/W2992644971, https://openalex.org/W2888118270, https://openalex.org/W1839155357, https://openalex.org/W2979733916, https://openalex.org/W1482300355, https://openalex.org/W1583078163, https://openalex.org/W2049695571, https://openalex.org/W4220776128, https://openalex.org/W1983741347, https://openalex.org/W1979288886, https://openalex.org/W2016116797, https://openalex.org/W2082229626, https://openalex.org/W1534027430, https://openalex.org/W2134730329, https://openalex.org/W2091854652, https://openalex.org/W3184366578, https://openalex.org/W2044832502, https://openalex.org/W2770437654, https://openalex.org/W1983214691, https://openalex.org/W2075298761, https://openalex.org/W2613023673, https://openalex.org/W1985136770, https://openalex.org/W2152808481, https://openalex.org/W1836578701, https://openalex.org/W2072967808, https://openalex.org/W2057025911, https://openalex.org/W2002756661, https://openalex.org/W2092726545, https://openalex.org/W2348775399, https://openalex.org/W2051513160, https://openalex.org/W2005337337, https://openalex.org/W2045019217, https://openalex.org/W2189491249, https://openalex.org/W2003283414, https://openalex.org/W2140940344, https://openalex.org/W3029661147, https://openalex.org/W2188150104, https://openalex.org/W1975543909, https://openalex.org/W2003605422, https://openalex.org/W2140460256, https://openalex.org/W2208402374, https://openalex.org/W6714788660, https://openalex.org/W2169253083, https://openalex.org/W6657221391, https://openalex.org/W2037453194, https://openalex.org/W1988227739, https://openalex.org/W2004066443, https://openalex.org/W6603714640, https://openalex.org/W6707852485, https://openalex.org/W2081886231, https://openalex.org/W2054234449, https://openalex.org/W2047055136, https://openalex.org/W2086811687, https://openalex.org/W6682614164, https://openalex.org/W2086156676, https://openalex.org/W2121983865, https://openalex.org/W1965854056, https://openalex.org/W2118471945, https://openalex.org/W2029124851, https://openalex.org/W1990139391, https://openalex.org/W2059528285, https://openalex.org/W2112551197, https://openalex.org/W2092051680, https://openalex.org/W2043261575, https://openalex.org/W2051917082, https://openalex.org/W1997228380, https://openalex.org/W1968718207, https://openalex.org/W1997719748, https://openalex.org/W2002519954, https://openalex.org/W2228205052, https://openalex.org/W2081900925, https://openalex.org/W2562408240, https://openalex.org/W2509008931, https://openalex.org/W2294564012, https://openalex.org/W2297505436, https://openalex.org/W2294822677, https://openalex.org/W2509742432, https://openalex.org/W2565906942, https://openalex.org/W2767038995, https://openalex.org/W2765089908, https://openalex.org/W2686271642, https://openalex.org/W2619003201, https://openalex.org/W2944853831, https://openalex.org/W3049280090, https://openalex.org/W3113925949, https://openalex.org/W4304193755, https://openalex.org/W2042140336, https://openalex.org/W2281498871, https://openalex.org/W2050226557, https://openalex.org/W2410026508, https://openalex.org/W2115509231, https://openalex.org/W4389991132, https://openalex.org/W2028505127 |
| referenced_works_count | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 23, 46, 66, 75, 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.TG | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 73, 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 52, 88, 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 85, 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 130, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 6, 40, 45, 58, 60, 83, 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 55, 63, 78, 91, 100, 107, 109, 119, 121, 127, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 33, 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 50, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.300 | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LPL | 59, 93, 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 95, 102, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.may | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 61, 92, 98, 103, 110, 149, 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(TG) | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HTG, | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LPL, | 84, 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 114, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.case | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gene | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.list | 77, 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.many | 126, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rare | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.same | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.seen | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 22, 37, 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(LOF) | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(LPL) | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Here, | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cause | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.focus | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.given | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.often | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 128, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(FCS). | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(HTG), | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and/or | 70, 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.benign | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.common | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highly | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impact | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lipase | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.normal | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plasma | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.review | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.severe | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.should | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.context | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.curated | 76, 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.domains | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.genetic | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provide | 51, 74, 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ranging | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unknown | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.updated | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.various | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Finally, | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.carrier. | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.familial | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overview | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.protein, | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.protein. | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.residues | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.severity | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.syndrome | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.upgraded | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variable | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variants | 5, 19, 81, 101, 120, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Biallelic | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.breakdown | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phenotype | 29, 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reported. | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uncertain | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variants. | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variation | 39, 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.additional | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associated | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discovered | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.functional | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pathogenic | 2, 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phenotype. | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.association | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lipoprotein | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.segregation | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exon-by-exon | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highlighting | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.longitudinal | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.triglyceride | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.benign/likely | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significance, | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Heterozygosity | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.classification | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.polymorphisms, | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chylomicronemia | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disease-causing | 69, 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.loss-of-function | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pathogenic/likely | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disease-associated | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hypertriglyceridemia | 35 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 96 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5035358062 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.5099999904632568 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Good health and well-being |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.95615186 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | True |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |