Loneliness trajectories, risk factors, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain Article Swipe
Aina Gabarrell‐Pascuet
,
Joan Domènech‐Abella
,
Philippe Mortier
,
Mireia Félez-Nóbrega
,
Paula Cristóbal-Narváez
,
Gemma Vilagut
,
Beatriz Olaya
,
Jordi Alonso
,
Josep M. Haro
·
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1582
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1582
Introduction The present study investigates the courses of loneliness following the national state of emergency in Spain due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including a curfew due to a rise in COVID-19 cases, associated risk factors, and the effect of loneliness on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods Data of 2,000 adults in Spain which were interviewed by telephone at the first follow-up of the MINDCOVID project (February-March 2021) and of whom 953 were interviewed nine months later (November-December 2021) were analyzed. Group-based trajectories and mixed models were constructed. Results Three courses of loneliness were detected: (1) invariant low loneliness (42.6%), (2) decreasing medium loneliness (51.5%), and (3) fairly invariant high loneliness (5.9%). Loneliness courses were associated with the severity and variability of symptoms of depression and anxiety. In contrast to the majority of pre-pandemic studies, younger adults more frequently reported loneliness compared to middle-aged and, particularly, older individuals. Other risk factors for loneliness were being female, being unmarried, and, notably, having pre-pandemic mental disorders. Conclusions Future studies should validate whether the newly observed loneliness patterns across age groups persist and assess the evolution of loneliness courses and their impact on mental health, with particular attention given to young adults and individuals with pre-existing mental disorders. Key messages • In contrast to the majority of pre-pandemic studies, younger adults more frequently reported loneliness compared to middle-aged and, particularly, older individuals. • Risk factors for loneliness were being female, being unmarried, and, notably, having pre-pandemic mental disorders.
Related Topics
Concepts
Loneliness
Mental health
Anxiety
Curfew
Psychology
Depression (economics)
Pandemic
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Social isolation
Medicine
Clinical psychology
Psychiatry
Gerontology
Demography
Disease
Macroeconomics
Sociology
Infectious disease (medical specialty)
Economics
Pathology
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1582
- https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/33/Supplement_2/ckad160.1582/52417829/ckad160.1582.pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4387912267
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4387912267Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1582Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Loneliness trajectories, risk factors, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in SpainWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2023Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2023-10-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Aina Gabarrell‐Pascuet, Joan Domènech‐Abella, Philippe Mortier, Mireia Félez-Nóbrega, Paula Cristóbal-Narváez, Gemma Vilagut, Beatriz Olaya, Jordi Alonso, Josep M. HaroList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1582Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/33/Supplement_2/ckad160.1582/52417829/ckad160.1582.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/33/Supplement_2/ckad160.1582/52417829/ckad160.1582.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Loneliness, Mental health, Anxiety, Curfew, Psychology, Depression (economics), Pandemic, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Social isolation, Medicine, Clinical psychology, Psychiatry, Gerontology, Demography, Disease, Macroeconomics, Sociology, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Economics, PathologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
0Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4387912267 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1582 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1582 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4387912267 |
| fwci | 0.0 |
| type | article |
| title | Loneliness trajectories, risk factors, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain |
| biblio.issue | Supplement_2 |
| biblio.volume | 33 |
| biblio.last_page | |
| biblio.first_page | |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10168 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Psychology |
| topics[0].score | 0.991100013256073 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3203 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Clinical Psychology |
| topics[0].display_name | COVID-19 and Mental Health |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10235 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[1].score | 0.9891999959945679 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3306 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Health |
| topics[1].display_name | Health disparities and outcomes |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10475 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Psychology |
| topics[2].score | 0.9498999714851379 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3207 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Social Psychology |
| topics[2].display_name | Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2553 |
| apc_list.currency | EUR |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2753 |
| apc_paid.value | 2553 |
| apc_paid.currency | EUR |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2753 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C2779998236 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.9808127880096436 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223270 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Loneliness |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C134362201 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6840408444404602 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Mental health |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C558461103 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6208624839782715 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Anxiety |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C2779422693 |
| concepts[3].level | 5 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.6193112134933472 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223625 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Curfew |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C15744967 |
| concepts[4].level | 0 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.5307051539421082 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Psychology |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C2776867660 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5052586197853088 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Depression (economics) |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C89623803 |
| concepts[6].level | 5 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.485515832901001 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Pandemic |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C3008058167 |
| concepts[7].level | 4 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4226626455783844 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C2776893239 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.42202305793762207 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778765 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Social isolation |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C71924100 |
| concepts[9].level | 0 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.3890547752380371 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Medicine |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C70410870 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.38292378187179565 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Clinical psychology |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C118552586 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.33533406257629395 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Psychiatry |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C74909509 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.3242682218551636 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Gerontology |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C149923435 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.32094621658325195 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Demography |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C2779134260 |
| concepts[14].level | 2 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.10007598996162415 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Disease |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C139719470 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Macroeconomics |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C144024400 |
| concepts[16].level | 0 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Sociology |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C524204448 |
| concepts[17].level | 3 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Infectious disease (medical specialty) |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C162324750 |
| concepts[18].level | 0 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Economics |
| concepts[19].id | https://openalex.org/C142724271 |
| concepts[19].level | 1 |
| concepts[19].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[19].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208 |
| concepts[19].display_name | Pathology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/loneliness |
| keywords[0].score | 0.9808127880096436 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Loneliness |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6840408444404602 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Mental health |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6208624839782715 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Anxiety |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/curfew |
| keywords[3].score | 0.6193112134933472 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Curfew |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology |
| keywords[4].score | 0.5307051539421082 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Psychology |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/depression |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5052586197853088 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Depression (economics) |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic |
| keywords[6].score | 0.485515832901001 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Pandemic |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019 |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4226626455783844 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/social-isolation |
| keywords[8].score | 0.42202305793762207 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Social isolation |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine |
| keywords[9].score | 0.3890547752380371 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Medicine |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-psychology |
| keywords[10].score | 0.38292378187179565 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Clinical psychology |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry |
| keywords[11].score | 0.33533406257629395 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Psychiatry |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/gerontology |
| keywords[12].score | 0.3242682218551636 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Gerontology |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/demography |
| keywords[13].score | 0.32094621658325195 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Demography |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/disease |
| keywords[14].score | 0.10007598996162415 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Disease |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1582 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210220588 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1101-1262, 1464-360X |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1101-1262 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | European Journal of Public Health |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310311648 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Oxford University Press |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310311648 |
| locations[0].license | cc-by-nc |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/33/Supplement_2/ckad160.1582/52417829/ckad160.1582.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | European Journal of Public Health |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1582 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10596850 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | cc-by-nc |
| locations[1].pdf_url | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10596850/pdf/ckad160.1582.pdf |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | Text |
| locations[1].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Eur J Public Health |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10596850 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5040629921 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2236-1435 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Aina Gabarrell‐Pascuet |
| authorships[0].countries | ES |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4210090703 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I71999127 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain |
| authorships[0].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute , Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210090703 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/009byq155 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4210090703, https://openalex.org/I4387152914 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I2801357902 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00ca2c886 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4387152914 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | ES |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | Instituto de Salud Carlos III |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I71999127 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/021018s57 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I71999127 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].country_code | ES |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].display_name | Universitat de Barcelona |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | A Gabarrell-Pascuet |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain, Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain, Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute , Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5020951192 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7605-3887 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Joan Domènech‐Abella |
| authorships[1].countries | ES |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4210090703 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute , Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210090703 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/009byq155 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4210090703, https://openalex.org/I4387152914 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I2801357902 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00ca2c886 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4387152914 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | ES |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | Instituto de Salud Carlos III |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | J Domènech-Abella |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain, Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute , Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5053183822 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2113-6241 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Philippe Mortier |
| authorships[2].countries | ES |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210130874 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Health Services Research Unit, Hospital del Mar Research Institute , Barcelona, Spain |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210130874 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03a8gac78 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210130874 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Hospital Del Mar |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | P Mortier |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Health Services Research Unit, Hospital del Mar Research Institute , Barcelona, Spain |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5017048230 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3484-4119 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Mireia Félez-Nóbrega |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute , Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | M Felez-Nobrega |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute , Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5039181126 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8184-6347 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Paula Cristóbal-Narváez |
| authorships[4].countries | ES |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4210090703 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute , Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210090703 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/009byq155 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4210090703, https://openalex.org/I4387152914 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I2801357902 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00ca2c886 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4387152914 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].country_code | ES |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].display_name | Instituto de Salud Carlos III |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | P Cristóbal-Narváez |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain, Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute , Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5083951614 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-226X |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Gemma Vilagut |
| authorships[5].countries | ES |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210130874 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Health Services Research Unit, Hospital del Mar Research Institute , Barcelona, Spain |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210130874 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03a8gac78 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210130874 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Hospital Del Mar |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | G Vilagut |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Health Services Research Unit, Hospital del Mar Research Institute , Barcelona, Spain |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5067308976 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-3929 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Beatriz Olaya |
| authorships[6].countries | ES |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4210090703 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[6].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute , Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210090703 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/009byq155 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4210090703, https://openalex.org/I4387152914 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I2801357902 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00ca2c886 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4387152914 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].country_code | ES |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].display_name | Instituto de Salud Carlos III |
| authorships[6].author_position | middle |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | B Olaya |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain, Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute , Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain |
| authorships[7].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5002758767 |
| authorships[7].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8627-9636 |
| authorships[7].author.display_name | Jordi Alonso |
| authorships[7].countries | ES |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210130874 |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Health Services Research Unit, Hospital del Mar Research Institute , Barcelona, Spain |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210130874 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03a8gac78 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210130874 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].display_name | Hospital Del Mar |
| authorships[7].author_position | middle |
| authorships[7].raw_author_name | J Alonso |
| authorships[7].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[7].raw_affiliation_strings | Health Services Research Unit, Hospital del Mar Research Institute , Barcelona, Spain |
| authorships[8].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5108145160 |
| authorships[8].author.orcid | |
| authorships[8].author.display_name | Josep M. Haro |
| authorships[8].countries | ES |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute , Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain |
| authorships[8].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I71999127 |
| authorships[8].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain |
| authorships[8].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4210090703 |
| authorships[8].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210090703 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/009byq155 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4210090703, https://openalex.org/I4387152914 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].display_name | Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I2801357902 |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00ca2c886 |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2801357902, https://openalex.org/I4387152914 |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].country_code | ES |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].display_name | Instituto de Salud Carlos III |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I71999127 |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/021018s57 |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I71999127 |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].country_code | ES |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].display_name | Universitat de Barcelona |
| authorships[8].author_position | last |
| authorships[8].raw_author_name | J M Haro |
| authorships[8].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[8].raw_affiliation_strings | CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain, Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain, Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute , Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/33/Supplement_2/ckad160.1582/52417829/ckad160.1582.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Loneliness trajectories, risk factors, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10168 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Psychology |
| primary_topic.score | 0.991100013256073 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3203 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Clinical Psychology |
| primary_topic.display_name | COVID-19 and Mental Health |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4249455407, https://openalex.org/W3107649492, https://openalex.org/W3178035811, https://openalex.org/W2900135057, https://openalex.org/W1521092351, https://openalex.org/W2341233554, https://openalex.org/W2888741001, https://openalex.org/W3003190291, https://openalex.org/W4385406885, https://openalex.org/W3193419280 |
| cited_by_count | 0 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1582 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210220588 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1101-1262, 1464-360X |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1101-1262 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | European Journal of Public Health |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310311648 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Oxford University Press |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310311648 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by-nc |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/33/Supplement_2/ckad160.1582/52417829/ckad160.1582.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | European Journal of Public Health |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1582 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1582 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210220588 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1101-1262, 1464-360X |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1101-1262 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | European Journal of Public Health |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310311648 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Oxford University Press |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310311648 |
| primary_location.license | cc-by-nc |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/33/Supplement_2/ckad160.1582/52417829/ckad160.1582.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | European Journal of Public Health |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.1582 |
| publication_date | 2023-10-01 |
| publication_year | 2023 |
| referenced_works_count | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 24, 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 128, 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 16, 30, 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 8, 14, 39, 43, 49, 63, 70, 92, 122, 124, 133, 184, 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 41, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 19, 27, 130, 143, 197, 211, 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(1) | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(2) | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(3) | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.953 | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Key | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.age | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 36, 45, 69, 84, 106, 120, 126, 180, 187, 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 18, 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 152, 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 6, 11, 20, 37, 60, 64, 118, 131, 171, 182, 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.• | 208, 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Data | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Risk | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and, | 145, 159, 226, 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 138, 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nine | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rise | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.risk | 34, 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 55, 73, 80, 87, 94, 115, 154, 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.whom | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 117, 193, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2,000 | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2021) | 68, 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Other | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Spain | 17, 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Three | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.being | 155, 157, 236, 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.given | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.later | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mixed | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.newly | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.older | 147, 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.state | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.young | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Future | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adults | 51, 137, 199, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assess | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cases, | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.curfew | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effect | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fairly | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.groups | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.having | 161, 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impact | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.medium | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mental | 163, 191, 204, 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.months | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.should | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(5.9%). | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Methods | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Results | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.courses | 7, 91, 114, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factors | 151, 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.female, | 156, 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.health, | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.persist | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.project | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.whether | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.younger | 136, 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(42.6%), | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(51.5%), | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.COVID-19 | 21, 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.anxiety. | 46, 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compared | 142, 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contrast | 129, 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factors, | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.majority | 132, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.messages | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.national | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.notably, | 160, 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observed | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patterns | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reported | 140, 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.severity | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies, | 135, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.symptoms | 42, 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.validate | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MINDCOVID | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyzed. | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.attention | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detected: | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emergency | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evolution | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.follow-up | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.following | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.including | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.invariant | 97, 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pandemic, | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.telephone | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Loneliness | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associated | 33, 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decreasing | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.depression | 44, 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disorders. | 164, 205, 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.frequently | 139, 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.loneliness | 9, 40, 93, 99, 104, 111, 141, 153, 174, 185, 222, 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particular | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unmarried, | 158, 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Conclusions | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Group-based | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.individuals | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interviewed | 56, 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.middle-aged | 144, 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variability | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Introduction | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constructed. | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.individuals. | 148, 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigates | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pre-existing | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pre-pandemic | 134, 162, 215, 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trajectories | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particularly, | 146, 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(February-March | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(November-December | 78 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 9 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8700000047683716 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Good health and well-being |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.23143603 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |