MachMap: End-to-End Vectorized Solution for Compact HD-Map Construction Article Swipe

PDF

Limeng Qiao , Yongchao Zheng , Peng Zhang , Wenjie Ding , Xi Qiu , Wei Xing , Chi Zhang ·

YOU? · · 2023 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.10301

This report introduces the 1st place winning solution for the Autonomous Driving Challenge 2023 - Online HD-map Construction. By delving into the vectorization pipeline, we elaborate an effective architecture, termed as MachMap, which formulates the task of HD-map construction as the point detection paradigm in the bird-eye-view space with an end-to-end manner. Firstly, we introduce a novel map-compaction scheme into our framework, leading to reducing the number of vectorized points by 93% without any expression performance degradation. Build upon the above process, we then follow the general query-based paradigm and propose a strong baseline with integrating a powerful CNN-based backbone like InternImage, a temporal-based instance decoder and a well-designed point-mask coupling head. Additionally, an extra optional ensemble stage is utilized to refine model predictions for better performance. Our MachMap-tiny with IN-1K initialization achieves a mAP of 79.1 on the Argoverse2 benchmark and the further improved MachMap-huge reaches the best mAP of 83.5, outperforming all the other online HD-map construction approaches on the final leaderboard with a distinct performance margin (> 9.8 mAP at least).

Related Topics

Computer Science

Benchmark (Surveying)

Process (Computing)

Vectorization (Mathematics)

Artificial Intelligence

Concepts

Computer science Pipeline (software) Initialization Benchmark (surveying) End-to-end principle Process (computing) Margin (machine learning) Task (project management) Point (geometry) Vectorization (mathematics) Artificial intelligence Real-time computing Parallel computing Machine learning Cartography Mathematics Geography Programming language Economics Operating system Geometry Management

Metadata

Type: preprint
Language: en
Landing Page: http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.10301
PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.10301
OA Status: green
Cited By: 2
Related Works: 10
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4381551245

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4381551245

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.10301

Digital Object Identifier
Title: MachMap: End-to-End Vectorized Solution for Compact HD-Map Construction

Work title
Type: preprint

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2023

Year of publication
Publication date: 2023-06-17

Full publication date if available
Authors: Limeng Qiao, Yongchao Zheng, Peng Zhang, Wenjie Ding, Xi Qiu, Wei Xing, Chi Zhang

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.10301

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.10301

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: green

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.10301

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Computer science, Pipeline (software), Initialization, Benchmark (surveying), End-to-end principle, Process (computing), Margin (machine learning), Task (project management), Point (geometry), Vectorization (mathematics), Artificial intelligence, Real-time computing, Parallel computing, Machine learning, Cartography, Mathematics, Geography, Programming language, Economics, Operating system, Geometry, Management

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 2

Total citation count in OpenAlex
Citations by year (recent): 2024: 2

Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
Related works (count): 10

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4381551245
doi	https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.10301
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.10301
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4381551245
fwci
type	preprint
title	MachMap: End-to-End Vectorized Solution for Compact HD-Map Construction
biblio.issue
biblio.volume
biblio.last_page
biblio.first_page
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T10627
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
topics[0].field.display_name	Computer Science
topics[0].score	0.9977999925613403
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[0].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1707
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
topics[0].display_name	Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T11714
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
topics[1].field.display_name	Computer Science
topics[1].score	0.9937000274658203
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[1].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1707
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
topics[1].display_name	Multimodal Machine Learning Applications
topics[2].id	https://openalex.org/T11106
topics[2].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
topics[2].field.display_name	Computer Science
topics[2].score	0.9887999892234802
topics[2].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[2].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[2].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1711
topics[2].subfield.display_name	Signal Processing
topics[2].display_name	Data Management and Algorithms
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C41008148
concepts[0].level	0
concepts[0].score	0.7813516855239868
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198
concepts[0].display_name	Computer science
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C43521106
concepts[1].level	2
concepts[1].score	0.7568831443786621
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493
concepts[1].display_name	Pipeline (software)
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C114466953
concepts[2].level	2
concepts[2].score	0.7144981026649475
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165
concepts[2].display_name	Initialization
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C185798385
concepts[3].level	2
concepts[3].score	0.622944176197052
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707
concepts[3].display_name	Benchmark (surveying)
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C74296488
concepts[4].level	2
concepts[4].score	0.5327940583229065
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392
concepts[4].display_name	End-to-end principle
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C98045186
concepts[5].level	2
concepts[5].score	0.5012054443359375
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663
concepts[5].display_name	Process (computing)
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C774472
concepts[6].level	2
concepts[6].score	0.4763372540473938
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393
concepts[6].display_name	Margin (machine learning)
concepts[7].id	https://openalex.org/C2780451532
concepts[7].level	2
concepts[7].score	0.46931931376457214
concepts[7].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676
concepts[7].display_name	Task (project management)
concepts[8].id	https://openalex.org/C28719098
concepts[8].level	2
concepts[8].score	0.4541047513484955
concepts[8].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946
concepts[8].display_name	Point (geometry)
concepts[9].id	https://openalex.org/C41681595
concepts[9].level	2
concepts[9].score	0.42817431688308716
concepts[9].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7917855
concepts[9].display_name	Vectorization (mathematics)
concepts[10].id	https://openalex.org/C154945302
concepts[10].level	1
concepts[10].score	0.4166060984134674
concepts[10].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660
concepts[10].display_name	Artificial intelligence
concepts[11].id	https://openalex.org/C79403827
concepts[11].level	1
concepts[11].score	0.3331685960292816
concepts[11].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988
concepts[11].display_name	Real-time computing
concepts[12].id	https://openalex.org/C173608175
concepts[12].level	1
concepts[12].score	0.2612859904766083
concepts[12].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661
concepts[12].display_name	Parallel computing
concepts[13].id	https://openalex.org/C119857082
concepts[13].level	1
concepts[13].score	0.137874037027359
concepts[13].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539
concepts[13].display_name	Machine learning
concepts[14].id	https://openalex.org/C58640448
concepts[14].level	1
concepts[14].score	0.12335646152496338
concepts[14].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515
concepts[14].display_name	Cartography
concepts[15].id	https://openalex.org/C33923547
concepts[15].level	0
concepts[15].score	0.08493465185165405
concepts[15].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395
concepts[15].display_name	Mathematics
concepts[16].id	https://openalex.org/C205649164
concepts[16].level	0
concepts[16].score	0.08290800452232361
concepts[16].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071
concepts[16].display_name	Geography
concepts[17].id	https://openalex.org/C199360897
concepts[17].level	1
concepts[17].score	0.0
concepts[17].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143
concepts[17].display_name	Programming language
concepts[18].id	https://openalex.org/C162324750
concepts[18].level	0
concepts[18].score	0.0
concepts[18].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134
concepts[18].display_name	Economics
concepts[19].id	https://openalex.org/C111919701
concepts[19].level	1
concepts[19].score	0.0
concepts[19].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135
concepts[19].display_name	Operating system
concepts[20].id	https://openalex.org/C2524010
concepts[20].level	1
concepts[20].score	0.0
concepts[20].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087
concepts[20].display_name	Geometry
concepts[21].id	https://openalex.org/C187736073
concepts[21].level	1
concepts[21].score	0.0
concepts[21].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921
concepts[21].display_name	Management
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science
keywords[0].score	0.7813516855239868
keywords[0].display_name	Computer science
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline
keywords[1].score	0.7568831443786621
keywords[1].display_name	Pipeline (software)
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization
keywords[2].score	0.7144981026649475
keywords[2].display_name	Initialization
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark
keywords[3].score	0.622944176197052
keywords[3].display_name	Benchmark (surveying)
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle
keywords[4].score	0.5327940583229065
keywords[4].display_name	End-to-end principle
keywords[5].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/process
keywords[5].score	0.5012054443359375
keywords[5].display_name	Process (computing)
keywords[6].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/margin
keywords[6].score	0.4763372540473938
keywords[6].display_name	Margin (machine learning)
keywords[7].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/task
keywords[7].score	0.46931931376457214
keywords[7].display_name	Task (project management)
keywords[8].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/point
keywords[8].score	0.4541047513484955
keywords[8].display_name	Point (geometry)
keywords[9].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/vectorization
keywords[9].score	0.42817431688308716
keywords[9].display_name	Vectorization (mathematics)
keywords[10].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence
keywords[10].score	0.4166060984134674
keywords[10].display_name	Artificial intelligence
keywords[11].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing
keywords[11].score	0.3331685960292816
keywords[11].display_name	Real-time computing
keywords[12].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing
keywords[12].score	0.2612859904766083
keywords[12].display_name	Parallel computing
keywords[13].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning
keywords[13].score	0.137874037027359
keywords[13].display_name	Machine learning
keywords[14].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography
keywords[14].score	0.12335646152496338
keywords[14].display_name	Cartography
keywords[15].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics
keywords[15].score	0.08493465185165405
keywords[15].display_name	Mathematics
keywords[16].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/geography
keywords[16].score	0.08290800452232361
keywords[16].display_name	Geography
language	en
locations[0].id	pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2306.10301
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306400194
locations[0].source.issn
locations[0].source.type	repository
locations[0].source.is_oa	True
locations[0].source.issn_l
locations[0].source.is_core	False
locations[0].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[0].source.display_name	arXiv (Cornell University)
locations[0].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I205783295
locations[0].source.host_organization_name	Cornell University
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I205783295
locations[0].license
locations[0].pdf_url	https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.10301
locations[0].version	submittedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	text
locations[0].license_id
locations[0].is_accepted	False
locations[0].is_published	False
locations[0].raw_source_name
locations[0].landing_page_url	http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.10301
locations[1].id	doi:10.48550/arxiv.2306.10301
locations[1].is_oa	True
locations[1].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306400194
locations[1].source.issn
locations[1].source.type	repository
locations[1].source.is_oa	True
locations[1].source.issn_l
locations[1].source.is_core	False
locations[1].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[1].source.display_name	arXiv (Cornell University)
locations[1].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I205783295
locations[1].source.host_organization_name	Cornell University
locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I205783295
locations[1].license
locations[1].pdf_url
locations[1].version
locations[1].raw_type	article
locations[1].license_id
locations[1].is_accepted	False
locations[1].is_published
locations[1].raw_source_name
locations[1].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.10301
indexed_in	arxiv, datacite
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5085610502
authorships[0].author.orcid
authorships[0].author.display_name	Limeng Qiao
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Qiao, Limeng
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5100572306
authorships[1].author.orcid
authorships[1].author.display_name	Yongchao Zheng
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Zheng, Yongchao
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5108911708
authorships[2].author.orcid
authorships[2].author.display_name	Peng Zhang
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Zhang, Peng
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5091533444
authorships[3].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2854-2800
authorships[3].author.display_name	Wenjie Ding
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Ding, Wenjie
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5031343494
authorships[4].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4455-1683
authorships[4].author.display_name	Xi Qiu
authorships[4].author_position	middle
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Qiu, Xi
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
authorships[5].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5106406606
authorships[5].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6925-4500
authorships[5].author.display_name	Wei Xing
authorships[5].author_position	middle
authorships[5].raw_author_name	Wei, Xing
authorships[5].is_corresponding	False
authorships[6].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5100458125
authorships[6].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5466-9242
authorships[6].author.display_name	Chi Zhang
authorships[6].author_position	last
authorships[6].raw_author_name	Zhang, Chi
authorships[6].is_corresponding	False
has_content.pdf	False
has_content.grobid_xml	False
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.10301
open_access.oa_status	green
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	MachMap: End-to-End Vectorized Solution for Compact HD-Map Construction
has_fulltext	False
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T06:51:31.235846
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T10627
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
primary_topic.field.display_name	Computer Science
primary_topic.score	0.9977999925613403
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1707
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
primary_topic.display_name	Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
related_works	https://openalex.org/W3204184292, https://openalex.org/W3176564347, https://openalex.org/W1985458517, https://openalex.org/W2355833770, https://openalex.org/W2762467749, https://openalex.org/W3031039437, https://openalex.org/W183202219, https://openalex.org/W3095877357, https://openalex.org/W2072565696, https://openalex.org/W2050451745
cited_by_count	2
counts_by_year[0].year	2024
counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count	2
locations_count	2
best_oa_location.id	pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2306.10301
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306400194
best_oa_location.source.issn
best_oa_location.source.type	repository
best_oa_location.source.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.issn_l
best_oa_location.source.is_core	False
best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
best_oa_location.source.display_name	arXiv (Cornell University)
best_oa_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I205783295
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name	Cornell University
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I205783295
best_oa_location.license
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.10301
best_oa_location.version	submittedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	text
best_oa_location.license_id
best_oa_location.is_accepted	False
best_oa_location.is_published	False
best_oa_location.raw_source_name
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.10301
primary_location.id	pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2306.10301
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306400194
primary_location.source.issn
primary_location.source.type	repository
primary_location.source.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.issn_l
primary_location.source.is_core	False
primary_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
primary_location.source.display_name	arXiv (Cornell University)
primary_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I205783295
primary_location.source.host_organization_name	Cornell University
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I205783295
primary_location.license
primary_location.pdf_url	https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.10301
primary_location.version	submittedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	text
primary_location.license_id
primary_location.is_accepted	False
primary_location.is_published	False
primary_location.raw_source_name
primary_location.landing_page_url	http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.10301
publication_date	2023-06-17
publication_year	2023
referenced_works_count	0
abstract_inverted_index.-	14
abstract_inverted_index.a	55, 91, 96, 102, 107, 133, 165
abstract_inverted_index.By	18
abstract_inverted_index.an	26, 49, 113
abstract_inverted_index.as	30, 39
abstract_inverted_index.at	172
abstract_inverted_index.by	70
abstract_inverted_index.in	44
abstract_inverted_index.is	118
abstract_inverted_index.of	36, 67, 135, 150
abstract_inverted_index.on	137, 160
abstract_inverted_index.to	63, 120
abstract_inverted_index.we	24, 53, 82
abstract_inverted_index.1st	4
abstract_inverted_index.9.8	170
abstract_inverted_index.93%	71
abstract_inverted_index.Our	127
abstract_inverted_index.all	153
abstract_inverted_index.and	89, 106, 141
abstract_inverted_index.any	73
abstract_inverted_index.for	8, 124
abstract_inverted_index.mAP	134, 149, 171
abstract_inverted_index.our	60
abstract_inverted_index.the	3, 9, 21, 34, 40, 45, 65, 79, 85, 138, 142, 147, 154, 161
abstract_inverted_index.2023	13
abstract_inverted_index.79.1	136
abstract_inverted_index.This	0
abstract_inverted_index.best	148
abstract_inverted_index.into	20, 59
abstract_inverted_index.like	100
abstract_inverted_index.task	35
abstract_inverted_index.then	83
abstract_inverted_index.upon	78
abstract_inverted_index.with	48, 94, 129, 164
abstract_inverted_index.(>	169
abstract_inverted_index.83.5,	151
abstract_inverted_index.Build	77
abstract_inverted_index.IN-1K	130
abstract_inverted_index.above	80
abstract_inverted_index.extra	114
abstract_inverted_index.final	162
abstract_inverted_index.head.	111
abstract_inverted_index.model	122
abstract_inverted_index.novel	56
abstract_inverted_index.other	155
abstract_inverted_index.place	5
abstract_inverted_index.point	41
abstract_inverted_index.space	47
abstract_inverted_index.stage	117
abstract_inverted_index.which	32
abstract_inverted_index.HD-map	16, 37, 157
abstract_inverted_index.Online	15
abstract_inverted_index.better	125
abstract_inverted_index.follow	84
abstract_inverted_index.margin	168
abstract_inverted_index.number	66
abstract_inverted_index.online	156
abstract_inverted_index.points	69
abstract_inverted_index.refine	121
abstract_inverted_index.report	1
abstract_inverted_index.scheme	58
abstract_inverted_index.strong	92
abstract_inverted_index.termed	29
abstract_inverted_index.Driving	11
abstract_inverted_index.decoder	105
abstract_inverted_index.delving	19
abstract_inverted_index.further	143
abstract_inverted_index.general	86
abstract_inverted_index.leading	62
abstract_inverted_index.least).	173
abstract_inverted_index.manner.	51
abstract_inverted_index.propose	90
abstract_inverted_index.reaches	146
abstract_inverted_index.winning	6
abstract_inverted_index.without	72
abstract_inverted_index.Firstly,	52
abstract_inverted_index.MachMap,	31
abstract_inverted_index.achieves	132
abstract_inverted_index.backbone	99
abstract_inverted_index.baseline	93
abstract_inverted_index.coupling	110
abstract_inverted_index.distinct	166
abstract_inverted_index.ensemble	116
abstract_inverted_index.improved	144
abstract_inverted_index.instance	104
abstract_inverted_index.optional	115
abstract_inverted_index.paradigm	43, 88
abstract_inverted_index.powerful	97
abstract_inverted_index.process,	81
abstract_inverted_index.reducing	64
abstract_inverted_index.solution	7
abstract_inverted_index.utilized	119
abstract_inverted_index.CNN-based	98
abstract_inverted_index.Challenge	12
abstract_inverted_index.benchmark	140
abstract_inverted_index.detection	42
abstract_inverted_index.effective	27
abstract_inverted_index.elaborate	25
abstract_inverted_index.introduce	54
abstract_inverted_index.pipeline,	23
abstract_inverted_index.Argoverse2	139
abstract_inverted_index.Autonomous	10
abstract_inverted_index.approaches	159
abstract_inverted_index.end-to-end	50
abstract_inverted_index.expression	74
abstract_inverted_index.formulates	33
abstract_inverted_index.framework,	61
abstract_inverted_index.introduces	2
abstract_inverted_index.point-mask	109
abstract_inverted_index.vectorized	68
abstract_inverted_index.integrating	95
abstract_inverted_index.leaderboard	163
abstract_inverted_index.performance	75, 167
abstract_inverted_index.predictions	123
abstract_inverted_index.query-based	87
abstract_inverted_index.InternImage,	101
abstract_inverted_index.MachMap-huge	145
abstract_inverted_index.MachMap-tiny	128
abstract_inverted_index.construction	38, 158
abstract_inverted_index.degradation.	76
abstract_inverted_index.performance.	126
abstract_inverted_index.Additionally,	112
abstract_inverted_index.Construction.	17
abstract_inverted_index.architecture,	28
abstract_inverted_index.bird-eye-view	46
abstract_inverted_index.outperforming	152
abstract_inverted_index.vectorization	22
abstract_inverted_index.well-designed	108
abstract_inverted_index.initialization	131
abstract_inverted_index.map-compaction	57
abstract_inverted_index.temporal-based	103
cited_by_percentile_year
countries_distinct_count	0
institutions_distinct_count	7
citation_normalized_percentile