Maximum Torque per Ampere Control of PMSMs Using Real-Time Numerical Optimization Article Swipe
Yong Xu
,
Mou Lin
,
Wen-Jie Wan
,
Yunchong Wang
,
Jian‐Xin Shen
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854
This paper proposes a novel online maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control method for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) that addresses nonlinearities such as magnetic saturation and cross-coupling effects. A flux-linkage based nonlinear PMSM model was developed to improve the torque control under dynamic conditions. The proposed gradient projection descent (GPD) method was introduced as a computationally efficient solution that is specifically tailored for real-time applications. It is evaluated alongside the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LMA), which is renowned for its high accuracy and rapid convergence. Compared to the LMA method, the proposed GPD method achieves an optimal balance between computational efficiency and control accuracy, making it suitable for embedded systems with limited resources. Notably, the method can support online experimental characterization and online parameter estimation to capture real operating conditions, such as temperature and load variations, thereby providing a significant advantage for dynamic PMSM applications. Extensive simulations and experimental validations using a 1.3 kW interior PMSM prototype and TMS320F28375S control platform demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The results demonstrate that GPD ensures real-time feasibility while maintaining acceptable levels of torque accuracy. These findings highlight the potential of GPD as a practical solution for high-performance motor control applications, especially in resource-limited embedded systems. Future work should explore online characterization and estimation for enhanced adaptability.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 1
- References
- 36
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4412107050
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4412107050Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Maximum Torque per Ampere Control of PMSMs Using Real-Time Numerical OptimizationWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-01-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Yong Xu, Mou Lin, Wen-Jie Wan, Yunchong Wang, Jian‐Xin ShenList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Ampere, Torque, Control theory (sociology), Computer science, Control (management), Physics, Engineering, Electrical engineering, Artificial intelligence, Voltage, ThermodynamicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
1Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
36Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4412107050 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4412107050 |
| fwci | 3.71677326 |
| type | article |
| title | Maximum Torque per Ampere Control of PMSMs Using Real-Time Numerical Optimization |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G3802781507 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320338247 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | 2022C01097 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | Moonshot Research and Development Program |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 13 |
| biblio.last_page | 118624 |
| biblio.first_page | 118611 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11749 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9980999827384949 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2207 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Control and Systems Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Iterative Learning Control Systems |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10504 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.996999979019165 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Sensorless Control of Electric Motors |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10278 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9945999979972839 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Electric Motor Design and Analysis |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320338247 |
| funders[0].ror | |
| funders[0].display_name | Moonshot Research and Development Program |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1850 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1850 |
| apc_paid.value | 1850 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1850 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C4941483 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8139195442199707 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25272 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Ampere |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C144171764 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.663133978843689 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Torque |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C47446073 |
| concepts[2].level | 3 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6328781843185425 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Control theory (sociology) |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5454497933387756 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2775924081 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.42131999135017395 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Control (management) |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.2286493182182312 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[6].level | 0 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.21282926201820374 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C119599485 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.1336638331413269 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C154945302 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.1117834746837616 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C165801399 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.09160539507865906 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Voltage |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C97355855 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Thermodynamics |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ampere |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8139195442199707 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Ampere |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/torque |
| keywords[1].score | 0.663133978843689 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Torque |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6328781843185425 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Control theory (sociology) |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5454497933387756 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/control |
| keywords[4].score | 0.42131999135017395 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Control (management) |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[5].score | 0.2286493182182312 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[6].score | 0.21282926201820374 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering |
| keywords[7].score | 0.1336638331413269 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence |
| keywords[8].score | 0.1117834746837616 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage |
| keywords[9].score | 0.09160539507865906 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Voltage |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1109/access.2025.3586854 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8bf0f8c695b64dc1a0857cfff928bdf1 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 118611-118624 (2025) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/8bf0f8c695b64dc1a0857cfff928bdf1 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5111554833 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Yong Xu |
| authorships[0].countries | CN |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00a2xv884 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Zhejiang University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Yong Xu |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5083328635 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Mou Lin |
| authorships[1].countries | CN |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00a2xv884 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Zhejiang University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Min-Yi Lin |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5002390986 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4609-5901 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Wen-Jie Wan |
| authorships[2].countries | CN |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00a2xv884 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Zhejiang University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Wen-Jie Wan |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5102862722 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7100-9705 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Yunchong Wang |
| authorships[3].countries | CN |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00a2xv884 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Zhejiang University |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Yunchong Wang |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5069986645 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9652-8894 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Jian‐Xin Shen |
| authorships[4].countries | CN |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00a2xv884 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I76130692 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Zhejiang University |
| authorships[4].author_position | last |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Jian-Xin Shen |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Maximum Torque per Ampere Control of PMSMs Using Real-Time Numerical Optimization |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11749 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9980999827384949 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2207 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Control and Systems Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Iterative Learning Control Systems |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4391375266, https://openalex.org/W2899084033, https://openalex.org/W2748952813, https://openalex.org/W2390279801, https://openalex.org/W2044063698, https://openalex.org/W4391913857, https://openalex.org/W2358668433, https://openalex.org/W4396701345, https://openalex.org/W2376932109, https://openalex.org/W3022303337 |
| cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2025.3586854 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2025.3586854 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854 |
| publication_date | 2025-01-01 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W4312219065, https://openalex.org/W4285287828, https://openalex.org/W3129163120, https://openalex.org/W2106934982, https://openalex.org/W1995665808, https://openalex.org/W2592864266, https://openalex.org/W1606726654, https://openalex.org/W2804216583, https://openalex.org/W2100084738, https://openalex.org/W3209761312, https://openalex.org/W4284894633, https://openalex.org/W2795532366, https://openalex.org/W2108671454, https://openalex.org/W2734733230, https://openalex.org/W3116031279, https://openalex.org/W2763173523, https://openalex.org/W2320515816, https://openalex.org/W3127460974, https://openalex.org/W2921611113, https://openalex.org/W3130523473, https://openalex.org/W3003791095, https://openalex.org/W4312599547, https://openalex.org/W2921745025, https://openalex.org/W3094508695, https://openalex.org/W2563780463, https://openalex.org/W2977435692, https://openalex.org/W3093848567, https://openalex.org/W2994209038, https://openalex.org/W4310475691, https://openalex.org/W2040156374, https://openalex.org/W4323020808, https://openalex.org/W2026079951, https://openalex.org/W2020804487, https://openalex.org/W2005482822, https://openalex.org/W2898133134, https://openalex.org/W4301014524 |
| referenced_works_count | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 3, 55, 137, 150, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.It | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 23, 54, 130, 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 60, 67, 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.kW | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 163, 179, 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 37, 85, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.3 | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.GPD | 91, 171, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LMA | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 45, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 26, 81, 100, 120, 132, 146, 156, 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 13, 63, 77, 106, 140, 193, 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.per | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 39, 70, 86, 89, 113, 161, 164, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 35, 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.PMSM | 33, 142, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.load | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.real | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 22, 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 19, 59, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(GPD) | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.motor | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.novel | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rapid | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.under | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(LMA), | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(MTPA) | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Future | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ampere | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.levels | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.magnet | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.making | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.method | 12, 51, 92, 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.motors | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.online | 5, 117, 121, 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.should | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.torque | 7, 40, 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PMSMs) | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.balance | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.capture | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.control | 11, 41, 101, 158, 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.descent | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dynamic | 43, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ensures | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explore | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improve | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.limited | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maximum | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.method, | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimal | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.support | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thereby | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Compared | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Notably, | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accuracy | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieves | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effects. | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.embedded | 107, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enhanced | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gradient | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interior | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.magnetic | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methods. | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.platform | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed | 46, 90, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposes | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.renowned | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solution | 58, 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suitable | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems. | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tailored | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Extensive | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accuracy, | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accuracy. | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.addresses | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.advantage | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algorithm | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.alongside | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.developed | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficient | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluated | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highlight | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nonlinear | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operating | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parameter | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.permanent | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.practical | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prototype | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.providing | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.real-time | 64, 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acceptable | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficiency | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.especially | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.estimation | 123, 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.introduced | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.projection | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resources. | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.saturation | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conditions, | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conditions. | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate | 160, 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feasibility | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maintaining | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significant | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulations | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.synchronous | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.temperature | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.validations | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variations, | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.convergence. | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experimental | 118, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flux-linkage | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specifically | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.TMS320F28375S | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adaptability. | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applications, | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applications. | 65, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computational | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effectiveness | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cross-coupling | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nonlinearities | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computationally | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characterization | 119, 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high-performance | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resource-limited | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Levenberg-Marquardt | 71 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 95 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 91 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8100000023841858 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Affordable and clean energy |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.88138141 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |