Mediation of the association between education and dementia by occupational complexity, income, health behaviours and health outcomes Article Swipe
Katherine Taylor
,
Louise Marston
,
Naaheed Mukadam
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4
Background Many studies observe a negative association between education and all-cause dementia, however, little is known about how the association develops. Current evidence regarding mediatory factors is limited, conflicted and suggests a complex relationship. In this study we used UK Biobank data to determine to what extent multiple factors mediate the association. Methods Data was sourced from UK Biobank and multiple imputation used to replace missing values. Education was measured at baseline assessment and dementia diagnosis determined from self-report or linked healthcare records. Five potential mediators were considered: Social isolation, income and occupational complexity were measured at baseline and health behaviour and health outcome scores derived. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between education and dementia with adjustment for potential mediators. Causal mediation analysis was then performed to determine the proportion of the dementia education association occurring via each mediatory pathway. Results In a sample of 384,284 participants, higher level of education was associated with reduced odds of dementia. When considered as a confounder, occupational complexity almost fully attenuated the association (OR: 0.94, CI: 0.89–0.99) and was found to mediate 73% of the association. Average income, health outcomes and health behaviours also acted as mediators, explaining 10%, 27% and 35% of the relationship respectively. Conclusions Occupational complexity mediates a large proportion of the association between education and dementia. Intervention to improve access to cognitively stimulating work and leisure activities, particularly to those who are less educated, may reduce the number of people in the UK living with dementia.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4
- https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 1
- References
- 53
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4407944468
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4407944468Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Mediation of the association between education and dementia by occupational complexity, income, health behaviours and health outcomesWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-02-25Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Katherine Taylor, Louise Marston, Naaheed MukadamList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Mediation, Dementia, Association (psychology), Psychology, Psychiatry, Clinical psychology, Medicine, Psychotherapist, Disease, Political science, Law, PathologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
1Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
53Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4407944468 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40001002 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4407944468 |
| fwci | 7.33378651 |
| mesh[0].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[0].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[0].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[0].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[0].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[1].qualifier_ui | Q000453 |
| mesh[1].descriptor_ui | D003704 |
| mesh[1].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[1].qualifier_name | epidemiology |
| mesh[1].descriptor_name | Dementia |
| mesh[2].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_ui | D008297 |
| mesh[2].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[2].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_name | Male |
| mesh[3].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[3].descriptor_ui | D005260 |
| mesh[3].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[3].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[3].descriptor_name | Female |
| mesh[4].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_ui | D004522 |
| mesh[4].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[4].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_name | Educational Status |
| mesh[5].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[5].descriptor_ui | D015438 |
| mesh[5].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[5].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[5].descriptor_name | Health Behavior |
| mesh[6].qualifier_ui | Q000706 |
| mesh[6].descriptor_ui | D007182 |
| mesh[6].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[6].qualifier_name | statistics & numerical data |
| mesh[6].descriptor_name | Income |
| mesh[7].qualifier_ui | Q000453 |
| mesh[7].descriptor_ui | D006113 |
| mesh[7].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[7].qualifier_name | epidemiology |
| mesh[7].descriptor_name | United Kingdom |
| mesh[8].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_ui | D008875 |
| mesh[8].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[8].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_name | Middle Aged |
| mesh[9].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[9].descriptor_ui | D000368 |
| mesh[9].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[9].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[9].descriptor_name | Aged |
| mesh[10].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[10].descriptor_ui | D000081983 |
| mesh[10].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[10].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[10].descriptor_name | Mediation Analysis |
| mesh[11].qualifier_ui | Q000706 |
| mesh[11].descriptor_ui | D009790 |
| mesh[11].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[11].qualifier_name | statistics & numerical data |
| mesh[11].descriptor_name | Occupations |
| mesh[12].qualifier_ui | Q000523 |
| mesh[12].descriptor_ui | D012934 |
| mesh[12].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[12].qualifier_name | psychology |
| mesh[12].descriptor_name | Social Isolation |
| mesh[13].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[13].descriptor_ui | D000328 |
| mesh[13].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[13].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[13].descriptor_name | Adult |
| mesh[14].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[14].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[14].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[14].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[14].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[15].qualifier_ui | Q000453 |
| mesh[15].descriptor_ui | D003704 |
| mesh[15].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[15].qualifier_name | epidemiology |
| mesh[15].descriptor_name | Dementia |
| mesh[16].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[16].descriptor_ui | D008297 |
| mesh[16].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[16].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[16].descriptor_name | Male |
| mesh[17].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[17].descriptor_ui | D005260 |
| mesh[17].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[17].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[17].descriptor_name | Female |
| mesh[18].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[18].descriptor_ui | D004522 |
| mesh[18].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[18].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[18].descriptor_name | Educational Status |
| mesh[19].qualifier_ui | Q000706 |
| mesh[19].descriptor_ui | D007182 |
| mesh[19].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[19].qualifier_name | statistics & numerical data |
| mesh[19].descriptor_name | Income |
| mesh[20].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[20].descriptor_ui | D000368 |
| mesh[20].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[20].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[20].descriptor_name | Aged |
| mesh[21].qualifier_ui | Q000453 |
| mesh[21].descriptor_ui | D006113 |
| mesh[21].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[21].qualifier_name | epidemiology |
| mesh[21].descriptor_name | United Kingdom |
| mesh[22].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[22].descriptor_ui | D008875 |
| mesh[22].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[22].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[22].descriptor_name | Middle Aged |
| mesh[23].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[23].descriptor_ui | D015438 |
| mesh[23].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[23].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[23].descriptor_name | Health Behavior |
| mesh[24].qualifier_ui | Q000706 |
| mesh[24].descriptor_ui | D009790 |
| mesh[24].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[24].qualifier_name | statistics & numerical data |
| mesh[24].descriptor_name | Occupations |
| mesh[25].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[25].descriptor_ui | D000081983 |
| mesh[25].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[25].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[25].descriptor_name | Mediation Analysis |
| mesh[26].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[26].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[26].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[26].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[26].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[27].qualifier_ui | Q000453 |
| mesh[27].descriptor_ui | D003704 |
| mesh[27].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[27].qualifier_name | epidemiology |
| mesh[27].descriptor_name | Dementia |
| mesh[28].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[28].descriptor_ui | D008297 |
| mesh[28].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[28].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[28].descriptor_name | Male |
| mesh[29].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[29].descriptor_ui | D005260 |
| mesh[29].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[29].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[29].descriptor_name | Female |
| mesh[30].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[30].descriptor_ui | D004522 |
| mesh[30].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[30].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[30].descriptor_name | Educational Status |
| mesh[31].qualifier_ui | Q000706 |
| mesh[31].descriptor_ui | D007182 |
| mesh[31].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[31].qualifier_name | statistics & numerical data |
| mesh[31].descriptor_name | Income |
| mesh[32].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[32].descriptor_ui | D000368 |
| mesh[32].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[32].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[32].descriptor_name | Aged |
| mesh[33].qualifier_ui | Q000453 |
| mesh[33].descriptor_ui | D006113 |
| mesh[33].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[33].qualifier_name | epidemiology |
| mesh[33].descriptor_name | United Kingdom |
| mesh[34].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[34].descriptor_ui | D008875 |
| mesh[34].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[34].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[34].descriptor_name | Middle Aged |
| mesh[35].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[35].descriptor_ui | D015438 |
| mesh[35].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[35].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[35].descriptor_name | Health Behavior |
| mesh[36].qualifier_ui | Q000706 |
| mesh[36].descriptor_ui | D009790 |
| mesh[36].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[36].qualifier_name | statistics & numerical data |
| mesh[36].descriptor_name | Occupations |
| mesh[37].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[37].descriptor_ui | D000081983 |
| mesh[37].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[37].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[37].descriptor_name | Mediation Analysis |
| mesh[38].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[38].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[38].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[38].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[38].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[39].qualifier_ui | Q000453 |
| mesh[39].descriptor_ui | D003704 |
| mesh[39].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[39].qualifier_name | epidemiology |
| mesh[39].descriptor_name | Dementia |
| mesh[40].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[40].descriptor_ui | D008297 |
| mesh[40].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[40].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[40].descriptor_name | Male |
| mesh[41].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[41].descriptor_ui | D005260 |
| mesh[41].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[41].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[41].descriptor_name | Female |
| mesh[42].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[42].descriptor_ui | D004522 |
| mesh[42].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[42].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[42].descriptor_name | Educational Status |
| mesh[43].qualifier_ui | Q000706 |
| mesh[43].descriptor_ui | D007182 |
| mesh[43].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[43].qualifier_name | statistics & numerical data |
| mesh[43].descriptor_name | Income |
| mesh[44].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[44].descriptor_ui | D000368 |
| mesh[44].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[44].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[44].descriptor_name | Aged |
| mesh[45].qualifier_ui | Q000453 |
| mesh[45].descriptor_ui | D006113 |
| mesh[45].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[45].qualifier_name | epidemiology |
| mesh[45].descriptor_name | United Kingdom |
| mesh[46].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[46].descriptor_ui | D008875 |
| mesh[46].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[46].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[46].descriptor_name | Middle Aged |
| mesh[47].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[47].descriptor_ui | D015438 |
| mesh[47].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[47].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[47].descriptor_name | Health Behavior |
| mesh[48].qualifier_ui | Q000706 |
| mesh[48].descriptor_ui | D009790 |
| mesh[48].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[48].qualifier_name | statistics & numerical data |
| mesh[48].descriptor_name | Occupations |
| mesh[49].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[49].descriptor_ui | D000081983 |
| mesh[49].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[49].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[49].descriptor_name | Mediation Analysis |
| type | article |
| title | Mediation of the association between education and dementia by occupational complexity, income, health behaviours and health outcomes |
| biblio.issue | 1 |
| biblio.volume | 25 |
| biblio.last_page | 174 |
| biblio.first_page | 174 |
| grants[0].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320334626 |
| grants[0].award_id | MR/W006774/1 |
| grants[0].funder_display_name | Medical Research Council |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T14313 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Psychology |
| topics[0].score | 0.9908999800682068 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3203 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Clinical Psychology |
| topics[0].display_name | Health and Well-being Studies |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10235 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[1].score | 0.9409999847412109 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3306 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Health |
| topics[1].display_name | Health disparities and outcomes |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320334626 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/03x94j517 |
| funders[0].display_name | Medical Research Council |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1790 |
| apc_list.currency | GBP |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2195 |
| apc_paid.value | 1790 |
| apc_paid.currency | GBP |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2195 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C179420905 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7918463945388794 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223871 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Mediation |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2779483572 |
| concepts[1].level | 3 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7430141568183899 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Dementia |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C142853389 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.7032701373100281 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Association (psychology) |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C15744967 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.566056489944458 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Psychology |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C118552586 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.45711517333984375 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Psychiatry |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C70410870 |
| concepts[5].level | 1 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.43576058745384216 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Clinical psychology |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C71924100 |
| concepts[6].level | 0 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.34438273310661316 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Medicine |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C542102704 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.1775568425655365 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Psychotherapist |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C2779134260 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.10077142715454102 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Disease |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C17744445 |
| concepts[9].level | 0 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.0810379683971405 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Political science |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C199539241 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Law |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C142724271 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Pathology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mediation |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7918463945388794 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Mediation |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/dementia |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7430141568183899 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Dementia |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/association |
| keywords[2].score | 0.7032701373100281 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Association (psychology) |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology |
| keywords[3].score | 0.566056489944458 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Psychology |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry |
| keywords[4].score | 0.45711517333984375 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Psychiatry |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-psychology |
| keywords[5].score | 0.43576058745384216 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Clinical psychology |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine |
| keywords[6].score | 0.34438273310661316 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Medicine |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotherapist |
| keywords[7].score | 0.1775568425655365 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Psychotherapist |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/disease |
| keywords[8].score | 0.10077142715454102 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Disease |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science |
| keywords[9].score | 0.0810379683971405 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Political science |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S94610253 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1471-244X |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1471-244X |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | BMC Psychiatry |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320256 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | BioMed Central |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320256 |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | BMC Psychiatry |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:40001002 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | BMC psychiatry |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40001002 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9bf88ad0229b4e0fac14c51cfb04da05 |
| locations[2].is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | |
| locations[2].license | |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | BMC Psychiatry, Vol 25, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2025) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/9bf88ad0229b4e0fac14c51cfb04da05 |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11863402 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[3].license | other-oa |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | Text |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | BMC Psychiatry |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11863402 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5042098093 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8319-0027 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Katherine Taylor |
| authorships[0].countries | GB |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Division of Biosciences, Medical Sciences Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K. |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02jx3x895 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I124357947, https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | University College London |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Katherine Taylor |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Division of Biosciences, Medical Sciences Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K. |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5073245125 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9973-1131 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Louise Marston |
| authorships[1].countries | GB |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210157979, https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, U.K. |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210157979 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05d4tza70 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | company |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210157979 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Roland Hill (United Kingdom) |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/02jx3x895 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I124357947, https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | University College London |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Louise Marston |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, U.K. |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5086247322 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8635-9521 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Naaheed Mukadam |
| authorships[2].countries | GB |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210125316, https://openalex.org/I95630760 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, 4 St Pancras Way, London, NW1 0PE, U.K. |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | UCL Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 1st Floor Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, U.K. |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I95630760 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03ekq2173 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I95630760 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210125316 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/025bx6p27 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].type | healthcare |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210125316, https://openalex.org/I95630760 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name | St Pancras Hospital |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/02jx3x895 |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I124357947, https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].country_code | GB |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].display_name | University College London |
| authorships[2].author_position | last |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Naaheed Mukadam |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, 4 St Pancras Way, London, NW1 0PE, U.K., UCL Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 1st Floor Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, U.K. |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Mediation of the association between education and dementia by occupational complexity, income, health behaviours and health outcomes |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T14313 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Psychology |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9908999800682068 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3203 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Clinical Psychology |
| primary_topic.display_name | Health and Well-being Studies |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2409059799, https://openalex.org/W364817481, https://openalex.org/W1972242255, https://openalex.org/W2890927416, https://openalex.org/W2775021631, https://openalex.org/W2128765271, https://openalex.org/W2966412519, https://openalex.org/W2028416698, https://openalex.org/W3126949736, https://openalex.org/W4285295191 |
| cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 4 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S94610253 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1471-244X |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1471-244X |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | BMC Psychiatry |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320256 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | BioMed Central |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320256 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | BMC Psychiatry |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S94610253 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1471-244X |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1471-244X |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | BMC Psychiatry |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320256 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | BioMed Central |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320256 |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | BMC Psychiatry |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06619-4 |
| publication_date | 2025-02-25 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2312464103, https://openalex.org/W2079057539, https://openalex.org/W2079133792, https://openalex.org/W2102646671, https://openalex.org/W4394734581, https://openalex.org/W3123750950, https://openalex.org/W2111968165, https://openalex.org/W3108728297, https://openalex.org/W2065299704, https://openalex.org/W4318028328, https://openalex.org/W4311577796, https://openalex.org/W4295221773, https://openalex.org/W4210809400, https://openalex.org/W3014556227, https://openalex.org/W3185345386, https://openalex.org/W4289866333, https://openalex.org/W2597981141, https://openalex.org/W4280557629, https://openalex.org/W4306746448, https://openalex.org/W2967090466, https://openalex.org/W2103993711, https://openalex.org/W3212235619, https://openalex.org/W2747190868, https://openalex.org/W3161703985, https://openalex.org/W2090014200, https://openalex.org/W2998876495, https://openalex.org/W2054814767, https://openalex.org/W1820863330, https://openalex.org/W4281641404, https://openalex.org/W2082704080, https://openalex.org/W2917862264, https://openalex.org/W3046275966, https://openalex.org/W2960583731, https://openalex.org/W4401164724, https://openalex.org/W4310463078, https://openalex.org/W4220934992, https://openalex.org/W2115098571, https://openalex.org/W3212341216, https://openalex.org/W2795767430, https://openalex.org/W3020947692, https://openalex.org/W2015252215, https://openalex.org/W2800973107, https://openalex.org/W2004908898, https://openalex.org/W2607127566, https://openalex.org/W3006642480, https://openalex.org/W2730041615, https://openalex.org/W4206620085, https://openalex.org/W1931771593, https://openalex.org/W2046818084, https://openalex.org/W2019221205, https://openalex.org/W3006266257, https://openalex.org/W4226321382, https://openalex.org/W4281763070 |
| referenced_works_count | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 5, 32, 146, 165, 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 35, 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.UK | 40, 58, 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 164, 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 71, 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 15, 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 134, 148, 153, 160, 184, 203, 214, 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 43, 45, 64, 111, 130, 181, 222, 225, 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.27% | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.35% | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.73% | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CI: | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 10, 30, 60, 74, 92, 99, 102, 117, 178, 191, 201, 219, 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.how | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.may | 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 19, 51, 113, 132, 135, 172, 185, 204, 215, 241, 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.via | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 55, 69, 109, 127, 155, 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.who | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(OR: | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.10%, | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Data | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Five | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Many | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.When | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.each | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 57, 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.less | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.odds | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.then | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 39, 63, 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 87, 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.what | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 119, 157, 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.94, | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.about | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acted | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.found | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fully | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.known | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.large | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.level | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.those | 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Causal | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Social | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.access | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.almost | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extent | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.health | 100, 103, 189, 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.income | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.linked | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.little | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.living | 248 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number | 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.people | 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reduce | 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sample | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scores | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.384,284 | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Average | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Biobank | 41, 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Current | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Methods | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Results | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 8, 115, 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complex | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.examine | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factors | 26, 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improve | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.income, | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leisure | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mediate | 50, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.missing | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observe | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.outcome | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reduced | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.replace | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sourced | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.values. | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Logistic | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.baseline | 72, 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dementia | 75, 118, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.derived. | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evidence | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.however, | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.limited, | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measured | 70, 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mediates | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multiple | 48, 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.negative | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.outcomes | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pathway. | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.records. | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggests | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Education | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.all-cause | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.behaviour | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dementia, | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dementia. | 161, 220, 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determine | 44, 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.develops. | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diagnosis | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.educated, | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.education | 9, 116, 137, 154, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mediation | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mediators | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mediatory | 25, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.occurring | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performed | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential | 85, 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regarding | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Background | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adjustment | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assessment | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associated | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.attenuated | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.behaviours | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complexity | 94, 168, 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conflicted | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considered | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determined | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explaining | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.healthcare | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.imputation | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.isolation, | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mediators, | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mediators. | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proportion | 133, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regression | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Conclusions | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activities, | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.association | 7, 20, 114, 138, 173, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cognitively | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.confounder, | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considered: | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.self-report | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stimulating | 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.89–0.99) | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Intervention | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Occupational | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.association. | 52, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.occupational | 93, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particularly | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relationship | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.participants, | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relationship. | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respectively. | 206 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 95 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 91 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5042098093 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 3 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.88593216 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |