Method for simultaneous determination of three cooling agents in aerosols by GC–MS Article Swipe
Tinghao Chen
,
Chenfeng Hua
,
Chengjie Ma
,
Bin Peng
,
Pingping Shang
,
Ge Zhao
,
Quanping Yan
,
Fuwei Xie
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2025.1699107
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2025.1699107
A cooling sensation is primarily elicited by cooling agents through activation of cold-sensitive receptors such as TRPM8 and TRPA1. Coolants are widely used as functional additives in various industries including food, personal care, pharmaceuticals, and tobacco. In this study, a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed to quantify three representative cooling agents—menthol, WS-3(N-ethyl-2-(isopropyl)-5-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide), and WS-23 (2-Isopropyl-N,2,3-trimethylbutyramide)—in aerosol samples. The test aerosols were generated from laboratory-formulated e-liquids under optimized conditions. Aerosols were obtained from an electronic vaping device manufactured by RELX (China). The results demonstrated that: (1) the analytical method exhibited good linearity ( R 2 ≥ 0.9994), with limits of detection (LOD, from 0.137 ng/mL to 0.114 μg/mL), limits of quantification (LOQ, from 0.456 ng/mL to 0.380 μg/mL), relative standard deviations (RSDs, 1.40%–4.15%), and spiked recovery rates (from 91.32% to 113.25%) all meeting the requirements of analytical validation; (2) the cooling agents were detected in both gas and particle phases of the aerosol, with the concentrations in gas-phase being significantly lower than those in the particle phase due to aerosols condensation. Specifically, the gas-phase proportions of menthol, WS-23 and WS-3 ranged from 1.94% to 5.72%, 0.03%–0.08%, and 0.10%–0.18%, respectively. Therefore, the developed GC-MS method satisfies methodological validation criteria and is suitable for application to commercial aerosol samples. It provides a reliable analytical foundation for studying sensory perception of cooling agents under aerosol exposure and offers more precise guidance for their use.
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- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2025.1699107
- https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/chemistry/articles/10.3389/fchem.2025.1699107/pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 30
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4415732420
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
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https://openalex.org/W4415732420Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2025.1699107Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Method for simultaneous determination of three cooling agents in aerosols by GC–MSWork title
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-10-31Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Tinghao Chen, Chenfeng Hua, Chengjie Ma, Bin Peng, Pingping Shang, Ge Zhao, Quanping Yan, Fuwei XieList of authors in order
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2025.1699107Publisher landing page
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https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/chemistry/articles/10.3389/fchem.2025.1699107/pdfDirect link to full text PDF
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/chemistry/articles/10.3389/fchem.2025.1699107/pdfDirect OA link when available
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0Total citation count in OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.WS-3 | 180 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.0.137 | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.380 | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.456 | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.94% | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.GC-MS | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.TRPM8 | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.WS-23 | 55, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.being | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.care, | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.food, | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lower | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ng/mL | 105, 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phase | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rates | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that: | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.those | 163 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.5.72%, | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.91.32% | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.TRPA1. | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.agents | 8, 142, 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.device | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.limits | 99, 109 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.aerosol | 57, 206, 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cooling | 1, 7, 51, 141, 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meeting | 133 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.results | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sensory | 216 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.(China). | 81 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.113.25%) | 131 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.Coolants | 19 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.criteria | 198 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.menthol, | 177 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.concentrations | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methodological | 196 |
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