Methods to Evaluate COVID-19 Preventive Hygiene Programs: Observed Mask Wearing, Handwashing, and Physical Distancing Behaviors in Public Indoor Spaces in Democratic Republic of the Congo Article Swipe
Christine Marie George
,
Kelly Endres
,
Presence Sanvura
,
Camille Williams
,
Raïssa Boroto
,
Claude Lunyelunye
,
Jean Claude Bisimwa
,
Jessy Timsifu
,
Brigitte Munyerenkana
,
Justin Bengehya
,
Ghislain Maheshe
,
Alain Mwishingo
,
Cirhuza Cikomola
,
Lucien Bisimwa
·
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.22-0214
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.22-0214
The objective of our study was to develop and test observational methods to evaluate COVID-19 preventive hygiene behaviors and physical distancing, and to evaluate the effectiveness of a government mandate on indoor fully covered mask wearing. An observational study was conducted of 4,736 individuals from April to October 2021 using 5-hour and rapid (10-minute) structured observations and spot checks to evaluate mask-wearing, handwashing, and physical-distancing behaviors, and the functionality of handwashing stations in 161 indoor public spaces across Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Sixteen percent of individuals entering indoor public spaces were wearing a mask that fully covered their nose and mouth (fully covered mask wearing). Fully covered mask wearing was lowest inside schools (1%), universities (2%), religious establishments (22%), and health facility wards (28%). Overall physical distancing of more than 1-m inside indoor public spaces was 22%, and was lowest inside schools and religious establishments (7%). Thirty-nine percent of handwashing stations had water and a cleansing agent present. Ten percent of individuals washed their hands with a cleansing agent before entering an indoor space. Overall, fully covered mask wearing was similar for 5-hour and rapid structured observations (16% versus 15%). The odds of fully covered mask wearing was significantly greater with increased government enforcement of mask wearing in public spaces through fines (odds ratio, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.02–7.30). This study presents rigorous methods using structured observations to assess government mandates and programs on COVID-19 preventive hygiene behaviors in indoor public spaces in settings globally.
Related Topics
Concepts
Hygiene
Observational study
Hand washing
Environmental health
Government (linguistics)
Public health
Distancing
Medicine
Odds
Hand sanitizer
Odds ratio
Contact tracing
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Nursing
Logistic regression
Linguistics
Internal medicine
Disease
Infectious disease (medical specialty)
Pathology
Philosophy
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.22-0214
- https://www.ajtmh.org/downloadpdf/journals/tpmd/107/5/article-p1083.pdf
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 7
- References
- 51
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4300862942
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4300862942Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.22-0214Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Methods to Evaluate COVID-19 Preventive Hygiene Programs: Observed Mask Wearing, Handwashing, and Physical Distancing Behaviors in Public Indoor Spaces in Democratic Republic of the CongoWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2022Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2022-10-03Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Christine Marie George, Kelly Endres, Presence Sanvura, Camille Williams, Raïssa Boroto, Claude Lunyelunye, Jean Claude Bisimwa, Jessy Timsifu, Brigitte Munyerenkana, Justin Bengehya, Ghislain Maheshe, Alain Mwishingo, Cirhuza Cikomola, Lucien BisimwaList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.22-0214Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.ajtmh.org/downloadpdf/journals/tpmd/107/5/article-p1083.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.ajtmh.org/downloadpdf/journals/tpmd/107/5/article-p1083.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Hygiene, Observational study, Hand washing, Environmental health, Government (linguistics), Public health, Distancing, Medicine, Odds, Hand sanitizer, Odds ratio, Contact tracing, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Nursing, Logistic regression, Linguistics, Internal medicine, Disease, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Pathology, PhilosophyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
7Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 3, 2024: 2, 2023: 1, 2022: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
51Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.than | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 169, 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(1%), | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(2%), | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(7%). | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(odds | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.15%). | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2.72; | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.4,736 | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.April | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Congo | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Fully | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.agent | 160, 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fines | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fully | 33, 99, 179, 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hands | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mouth | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rapid | 53, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 5, 39, 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 101, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 50, 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wards | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.water | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(22%), | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(28%). | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(DRC). | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(fully | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5-hour | 51, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assess | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.before | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.checks | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.health | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indoor | 32, 75, 91, 136, 176, 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inside | 115, 135, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lowest | 114, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.public | 76, 92, 137, 212, 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratio, | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.space. | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spaces | 77, 93, 138, 213, 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.versus | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.washed | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Bukavu, | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.October | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Overall | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Sixteen | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.covered | 34, 100, 106, 110, 180, 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.develop | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.greater | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hygiene | 17, 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mandate | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methods | 12, 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.percent | 87, 151, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.schools | 116, 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.similar | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.through | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wearing | 95, 112, 182, 200, 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.COVID-19 | 15, 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Overall, | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Republic | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.entering | 90, 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluate | 14, 24, 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.facility | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mandates | 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.physical | 20, 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present. | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presents | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.programs | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rigorous | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.settings | 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stations | 72, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wearing. | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ABSTRACT. | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.behaviors | 18, 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cleansing | 159, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducted | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.globally. | 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increased | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.objective | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.religious | 120, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wearing). | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Democratic | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.behaviors, | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distancing | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.government | 29, 206, 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.preventive | 16, 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structured | 55, 189, 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(10-minute) | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Thirty-nine | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distancing, | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enforcement | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.handwashing | 71, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.individuals | 44, 89, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.handwashing, | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observations | 56, 190, 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.universities | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.02–7.30). | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effectiveness | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.functionality | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mask-wearing, | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observational | 11, 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significantly | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.establishments | 121, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.physical-distancing | 65 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 14 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.73362799 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |