MF-Ledger: Blockchain Hyperledger Sawtooth-Enabled Novel and Secure Multimedia Chain of Custody Forensic Investigation Architecture Article Swipe
Abdullah Ayub Khan
,
Mueen Uddin
,
Aftab Ahmed Shaikh
,
Asif Ali Laghari
,
Adil Rajput
·
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099037
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099037
Due to globalization and worldwide connectivity, multimedia data exchange has increased significantly over the Internet in the last decade. The life cycle of multimedia content is also getting more multifaceted as more people are accessing, sharing, modifying and re-using multimedia information. This poses serious challenges for the multimedia industry to provide integrity, reliability and trustworthiness for multimedia investigations against the growing cybersecurity threats. This paper bridges this gap by enabling a secure and transparent digital forensic investigations process using blockchain technology. MF-Ledger a Blockchain Hyperledger sawtooth-enabled novel, secure and efficient digital forensic investigation architecture is proposed where participating stakeholders create a private network to exchange and agree on different investigation activities before being stored on the blockchain ledger. We have created digital contracts (smart contracts) and implemented them using sequence diagrams to handle the stakeholders’ secure interaction in the investigation process. The proposed architectural solution delivers robust information integrity, prevention, and preservation mechanism to permanently and immutably store the evidence (chain of custody) in a private permissioned encrypted blockchain ledger.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099037
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09492114.pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 57
- References
- 49
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3184551018
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3184551018Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099037Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
MF-Ledger: Blockchain Hyperledger Sawtooth-Enabled Novel and Secure Multimedia Chain of Custody Forensic Investigation ArchitectureWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2021Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2021-01-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Abdullah Ayub Khan, Mueen Uddin, Aftab Ahmed Shaikh, Asif Ali Laghari, Adil RajputList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099037Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09492114.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09492114.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Blockchain, Computer science, Ledger, Sawtooth wave, Architecture, Distributed ledger, Computer forensics, Computer security, Multimedia, Digital forensics, Telecommunications, Business, Accounting, Visual arts, ArtTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
57Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 10, 2024: 19, 2023: 12, 2022: 9, 2021: 4Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
49Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3184551018 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099037 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099037 |
| ids.mag | 3184551018 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3184551018 |
| fwci | 12.80972596 |
| type | article |
| title | MF-Ledger: Blockchain Hyperledger Sawtooth-Enabled Novel and Secure Multimedia Chain of Custody Forensic Investigation Architecture |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 9 |
| biblio.last_page | 103650 |
| biblio.first_page | 103637 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10270 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9980999827384949 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1710 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Information Systems |
| topics[0].display_name | Blockchain Technology Applications and Security |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T12034 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9882000088691711 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1710 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Information Systems |
| topics[1].display_name | Digital and Cyber Forensics |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10388 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[2].score | 0.9807000160217285 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1707 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition |
| topics[2].display_name | Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320311019 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/02qnf3n86 |
| funders[0].display_name | Universiti Brunei Darussalam |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1850 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1850 |
| apc_paid.value | 1850 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1850 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C2779687700 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7356957793235779 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Blockchain |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[1].level | 0 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7109429836273193 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C91302708 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.603175163269043 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Ledger |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C148837635 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.48398780822753906 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1742397 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Sawtooth wave |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C123657996 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.4695475697517395 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Architecture |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C2777541363 |
| concepts[5].level | 3 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.4514731764793396 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Distributed ledger |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C556601545 |
| concepts[6].level | 3 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.44596707820892334 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878553 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Computer forensics |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C38652104 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.41457223892211914 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Computer security |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C49774154 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.38682568073272705 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Multimedia |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C84418412 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.31385624408721924 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Digital forensics |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C76155785 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.10864230990409851 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Telecommunications |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C144133560 |
| concepts[11].level | 0 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.0680791437625885 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Business |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C121955636 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.06372219324111938 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Accounting |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C153349607 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Visual arts |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C142362112 |
| concepts[14].level | 0 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Art |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7356957793235779 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Blockchain |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7109429836273193 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ledger |
| keywords[2].score | 0.603175163269043 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Ledger |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/sawtooth-wave |
| keywords[3].score | 0.48398780822753906 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Sawtooth wave |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture |
| keywords[4].score | 0.4695475697517395 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Architecture |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger |
| keywords[5].score | 0.4514731764793396 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Distributed ledger |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-forensics |
| keywords[6].score | 0.44596707820892334 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Computer forensics |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security |
| keywords[7].score | 0.41457223892211914 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Computer security |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia |
| keywords[8].score | 0.38682568073272705 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Multimedia |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-forensics |
| keywords[9].score | 0.31385624408721924 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Digital forensics |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications |
| keywords[10].score | 0.10864230990409851 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Telecommunications |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/business |
| keywords[11].score | 0.0680791437625885 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Business |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting |
| keywords[12].score | 0.06372219324111938 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Accounting |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1109/access.2021.3099037 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09492114.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099037 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a8471421cd834ebf9929ae0fd9958d96 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 103637-103650 (2021) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/a8471421cd834ebf9929ae0fd9958d96 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5080933055 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2838-7641 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Abdullah Ayub Khan |
| authorships[0].countries | PK |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1281802846 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Science, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1308893265 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computing Science and Information Technology, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Lyari, Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1308893265 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02zwhz281 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1308893265 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | PK |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I1281802846 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00467a196 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1281802846 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | PK |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | Sindh Madressatul Islam University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Abdullah Ayub Khan |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Science, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan, Department of Computing Science and Information Technology, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Lyari, Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5009473482 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1919-3407 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Mueen Uddin |
| authorships[1].countries | BN |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I189462010 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Digital Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE, Negara Brunei Darussalam |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I189462010 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02qnf3n86 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I189462010 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | BN |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Universiti Brunei Darussalam |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Mueen Uddin |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Digital Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE, Negara Brunei Darussalam |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5068980074 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1533-6311 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Aftab Ahmed Shaikh |
| authorships[2].countries | PK |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1281802846 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Science, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1281802846 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00467a196 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1281802846 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | PK |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Sindh Madressatul Islam University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Aftab Ahmed Shaikh |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Science, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5077907139 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5831-5943 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Asif Ali Laghari |
| authorships[3].countries | PK |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1281802846 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Science, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1281802846 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00467a196 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1281802846 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | PK |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Sindh Madressatul Islam University |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Asif Ali Laghari |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Science, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5064779813 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0310-7175 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Adil Rajput |
| authorships[4].countries | SA |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125656591 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I125656591 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02cnwgt19 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I125656591 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | SA |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Effat University |
| authorships[4].author_position | last |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Adil E. Rajput |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09492114.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | MF-Ledger: Blockchain Hyperledger Sawtooth-Enabled Novel and Secure Multimedia Chain of Custody Forensic Investigation Architecture |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10270 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Computer Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9980999827384949 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1710 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Information Systems |
| primary_topic.display_name | Blockchain Technology Applications and Security |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4226088185, https://openalex.org/W2810405473, https://openalex.org/W2979776202, https://openalex.org/W2949445060, https://openalex.org/W4298013519, https://openalex.org/W2800938687, https://openalex.org/W3135632358, https://openalex.org/W3177205310, https://openalex.org/W4287703679, https://openalex.org/W3045674728 |
| cited_by_count | 57 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 10 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 19 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 12 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 9 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[5].year | 2018 |
| counts_by_year[5].cited_by_count | 3 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2021.3099037 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09492114.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099037 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2021.3099037 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09492114.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099037 |
| publication_date | 2021-01-01 |
| publication_year | 2021 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W3164190449, https://openalex.org/W4236533062, https://openalex.org/W3007107541, https://openalex.org/W2948425916, https://openalex.org/W2890967730, https://openalex.org/W3215292794, https://openalex.org/W2967312870, https://openalex.org/W2971648947, https://openalex.org/W2809519181, https://openalex.org/W6782700068, https://openalex.org/W3038203924, https://openalex.org/W2811071260, https://openalex.org/W2790414559, https://openalex.org/W2931458697, https://openalex.org/W3016046972, https://openalex.org/W2741248492, https://openalex.org/W3126435510, https://openalex.org/W2939132946, https://openalex.org/W6785696458, https://openalex.org/W6799251971, https://openalex.org/W2026546793, https://openalex.org/W3090744703, https://openalex.org/W2955554509, https://openalex.org/W3017009154, https://openalex.org/W3011153801, https://openalex.org/W2909896785, https://openalex.org/W6769268935, https://openalex.org/W2896637406, https://openalex.org/W3097799996, https://openalex.org/W6778810246, https://openalex.org/W2963264685, https://openalex.org/W2997657648, https://openalex.org/W3047366698, https://openalex.org/W2939152845, https://openalex.org/W6783015183, https://openalex.org/W6753375154, https://openalex.org/W6751406734, https://openalex.org/W3049235262, https://openalex.org/W4285719527, https://openalex.org/W3084378120, https://openalex.org/W3046609434, https://openalex.org/W3107385222, https://openalex.org/W2806814294, https://openalex.org/W3031298039, https://openalex.org/W3125109310, https://openalex.org/W2883357623, https://openalex.org/W2979789800, https://openalex.org/W3091479634, https://openalex.org/W3186295201 |
| referenced_works_count | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 70, 82, 100, 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 15, 137, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 25, 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 22, 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 107, 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 1, 49, 103, 131, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Due | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 19, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 3, 37, 53, 72, 88, 105, 125, 150, 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 45, 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gap | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 13, 16, 46, 59, 115, 133, 138, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 41, 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.last | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.life | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 28, 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.them | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.agree | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.being | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cycle | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.poses | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.store | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 78, 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.where | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(chain | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(smart | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.before | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.create | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.handle | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.novel, | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.people | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.robust | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.secure | 71, 87, 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stored | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.against | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bridges | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.content | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.created | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decade. | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.digital | 74, 90, 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.getting | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.growing | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ledger. | 117, 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.network | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.private | 101, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.process | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provide | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.serious | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Internet | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.custody) | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.delivers | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diagrams | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enabling | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evidence | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exchange | 8, 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.forensic | 75, 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.industry | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.process. | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed | 95, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.re-using | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sequence | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sharing, | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solution | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.threats. | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MF-Ledger | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contracts | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficient | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.encrypted | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.immutably | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increased | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mechanism | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modifying | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.worldwide | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Blockchain | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accessing, | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activities | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blockchain | 79, 116, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.challenges | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contracts) | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.integrity, | 51, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multimedia | 6, 23, 39, 47, 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Hyperledger | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implemented | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.information | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interaction | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.permanently | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prevention, | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reliability | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technology. | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transparent | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.architecture | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.information. | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multifaceted | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.permissioned | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.preservation | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stakeholders | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.architectural | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.connectivity, | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cybersecurity | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.globalization | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigation | 92, 109, 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.participating | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significantly | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigations | 57, 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trustworthiness | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sawtooth-enabled | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stakeholders’ | 134 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 100 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 96 |
| countries_distinct_count | 3 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.41999998688697815 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Responsible consumption and production |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.98598004 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |