Micronutrient Content of Plant-Based Meat Alternatives Available in the UK and Ireland: Product Audits (2021 and 2023) Article Swipe
Leona Lindberg
,
Jayne V. Woodside
,
Hannah Vogan
,
Niamh Campbell
,
Hannah K. Fitzgerald
,
Janette Walton
,
Anne P. Nugent
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091256
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091256
Knowledge of micronutrient content of commercial plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) is limited. This study aimed to identify changes in micronutrient content of PBMAs over time, as well as how micronutrient levels of PBMAs compare to similar meat products using product audit data. An online audit of PBMAs in Tesco and Sainsbury’s was conducted in 2021 and 2023. On-pack information was extracted and inputted into Excel. Products were categorised, with categories containing on-pack micronutrient content for ≥2 products compared with similar meat products using data from Nutritics software and descriptive statistics applied. Nutrient claim thresholds were used to determine how many PBMAs were eligible to make a ‘source of’ or ‘high in’ claim for vitamin B12 (≥0.38 μg and ≥0.75 μg/100 g, respectively) and iron (≥2.1 mg and ≥4.2 mg/100 g, respectively). Results: Around 7% of products (n = 23/351 in 2021 and n = 22/324 in 2023) reported vitamin B12 content on-pack and 8% of products reported iron content on-pack (n = 28/351 for 2021 and n = 25/324 for 2023). All products contained levels adequate to make a ‘source of’ claim, with around 22% (2021) and 41% (2023) of these products eligible to make a ‘high in vitamin B12’ claim and 14% (2021) and 28% (2023) eligible to make a ‘high in iron’ claim. Median vitamin B12 and iron content/100 g was higher in 2023 products for 5/6 and 4/5 categories, respectively, with no change in the other category. For 2023 data, PBMAs had lower mean vitamin B12 contents/100 g in 4/6 categories compared to meat products (0.6–1.8 μg for PBMAs vs. 0.0–3.0 μg for meat products). For all six categories (burgers, mince, beef, pork, chicken, and lamb), PBMAs had higher mean iron contents/100 g than comparable meat categories (2.8–6.8 mg for PBMAs vs. 0.4–2.7 mg for meat products). Magnesium, zinc, calcium, vitamin A, and folic acid contents were listed on ≤1 product per category. Discussion: Vitamin B12 and iron contents of the PBMAs included in these audits appear to be increasing over time, however, levels of vitamin B12 need to increase to equate to those of red meat. Further fortification represents an option for improving the micronutrient profile of PBMAs to reflect levels in comparable meat products.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091256
- https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/91/1/256/pdf?version=1707112494
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 2
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4391538931
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4391538931Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091256Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Micronutrient Content of Plant-Based Meat Alternatives Available in the UK and Ireland: Product Audits (2021 and 2023)Work title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-02-05Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Leona Lindberg, Jayne V. Woodside, Hannah Vogan, Niamh Campbell, Hannah K. Fitzgerald, Janette Walton, Anne P. NugentList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091256Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/91/1/256/pdf?version=1707112494Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/91/1/256/pdf?version=1707112494Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Audit, Micronutrient, Product (mathematics), Business, Computer science, Environmental science, Accounting, Medicine, Mathematics, Geometry, PathologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
2Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 2Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4391538931 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091256 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091256 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4391538931 |
| fwci | 1.75913139 |
| type | article |
| title | Micronutrient Content of Plant-Based Meat Alternatives Available in the UK and Ireland: Product Audits (2021 and 2023) |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | |
| biblio.last_page | 256 |
| biblio.first_page | 256 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11259 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9106000065803528 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2303 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Ecology |
| topics[0].display_name | Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C199521495 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.691551685333252 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Audit |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C14522933 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.5991072654724121 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531507 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Micronutrient |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C90673727 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5964721441268921 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Product (mathematics) |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C144133560 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.4161187410354614 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Business |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[4].level | 0 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.356159508228302 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C39432304 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.33264291286468506 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Environmental science |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C121955636 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.24842575192451477 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Accounting |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C71924100 |
| concepts[7].level | 0 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.22443822026252747 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Medicine |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[8].level | 0 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.09126940369606018 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C2524010 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Geometry |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C142724271 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Pathology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/audit |
| keywords[0].score | 0.691551685333252 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Audit |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/micronutrient |
| keywords[1].score | 0.5991072654724121 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Micronutrient |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/product |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5964721441268921 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Product (mathematics) |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/business |
| keywords[3].score | 0.4161187410354614 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Business |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[4].score | 0.356159508228302 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science |
| keywords[5].score | 0.33264291286468506 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Environmental science |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting |
| keywords[6].score | 0.24842575192451477 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Accounting |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine |
| keywords[7].score | 0.22443822026252747 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Medicine |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics |
| keywords[8].score | 0.09126940369606018 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Mathematics |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/proceedings2023091256 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source | |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/91/1/256/pdf?version=1707112494 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | proceedings-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023 |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091256 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:74955d1417c144429bb81d26a5f62f83 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Proceedings, Vol 91, Iss 1, p 256 (2024) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/74955d1417c144429bb81d26a5f62f83 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/d60d993c-77ff-4783-b27c-9c26e11e7739 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306402319 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | Queen's University Belfast |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| locations[2].license | cc-by |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | contributionToPeriodical |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Lindberg , L , Woodside , J V , Vogan , H , Campbell , N , Fitzgerald , H , Walton , J & Nugent , A P 2024 , Micronutrient content of plant-based meat alternatives available in the UK and Ireland: product audits (2021 and 2023) . in S Sobajic & P C Calder (eds) , Proceedings of the 14th European Nutrition Conference, FENS 2023 . , 256 , Proceedings , no. 1 , vol. 91 , MDPI , 14th European Nutrition Conference 2023 , Belgrade , Serbia , 14/11/2023 . https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091256 |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/d60d993c-77ff-4783-b27c-9c26e11e7739 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5063359694 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9503-1963 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Leona Lindberg |
| authorships[0].countries | GB |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00hswnk62 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Queen's University Belfast |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Leona Lindberg |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5031466793 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5691-4659 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Jayne V. Woodside |
| authorships[1].countries | GB |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00hswnk62 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Queen's University Belfast |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Jayne V. Woodside |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5092760623 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Hannah Vogan |
| authorships[2].countries | GB |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00hswnk62 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Queen's University Belfast |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Hannah Vogan |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5017258976 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Niamh Campbell |
| authorships[3].countries | GB |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00hswnk62 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Queen's University Belfast |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Niamh Campbell |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5051012352 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1806-9885 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Hannah K. Fitzgerald |
| authorships[4].countries | IE |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I100930933 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I100930933 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05m7pjf47 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I100930933 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | IE |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | University College Dublin |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Hannah Fitzgerald |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5036551416 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4758-5328 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Janette Walton |
| authorships[5].countries | IE |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210100923 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210100923 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/013xpqh61 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210100923 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | IE |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Munster Technological University |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Janette Walton |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5017217753 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0206-1320 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Anne P. Nugent |
| authorships[6].countries | GB |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00hswnk62 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | Queen's University Belfast |
| authorships[6].author_position | last |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Anne P. Nugent |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/91/1/256/pdf?version=1707112494 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Micronutrient Content of Plant-Based Meat Alternatives Available in the UK and Ireland: Product Audits (2021 and 2023) |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11259 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9106000065803528 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2303 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Ecology |
| primary_topic.display_name | Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4391375266, https://openalex.org/W2134742138, https://openalex.org/W4312742360, https://openalex.org/W4226321385, https://openalex.org/W2231931418, https://openalex.org/W2359904018, https://openalex.org/W2322905050, https://openalex.org/W1965415681, https://openalex.org/W4289174105, https://openalex.org/W3022942420 |
| cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 2 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/proceedings2023091256 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source | |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/91/1/256/pdf?version=1707112494 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | proceedings-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023 |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091256 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/proceedings2023091256 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source | |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/91/1/256/pdf?version=1707112494 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | proceedings-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023 |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091256 |
| publication_date | 2024-02-05 |
| publication_year | 2024 |
| referenced_works_count | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.= | 137, 143, 161, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 105, 178, 195, 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.g | 221, 250, 285 |
| abstract_inverted_index.n | 142, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(n | 136, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.7% | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.8% | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A, | 304 |
| abstract_inverted_index.An | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 353 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 25, 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 331 |
| abstract_inverted_index.g, | 120, 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 18, 47, 53, 139, 145, 197, 212, 224, 236, 251, 326, 365 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mg | 125, 291, 296 |
| abstract_inverted_index.no | 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 1, 4, 21, 31, 45, 134, 154, 189, 322, 337, 347, 360 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 311 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 15, 34, 96, 103, 176, 193, 208, 255, 330, 341, 343, 345, 362 |
| abstract_inverted_index.14% | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.22% | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.28% | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.4/5 | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.4/6 | 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.41% | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5/6 | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.All | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.B12 | 114, 149, 217, 248, 318, 339 |
| abstract_inverted_index.For | 240, 268 |
| abstract_inverted_index.all | 269 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 49, 55, 61, 87, 117, 122, 126, 141, 152, 165, 186, 201, 204, 218, 229, 277, 305, 319 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 74, 112, 163, 169, 227, 260, 265, 292, 297, 355 |
| abstract_inverted_index.had | 244, 280 |
| abstract_inverted_index.how | 28, 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.per | 314 |
| abstract_inverted_index.red | 348 |
| abstract_inverted_index.six | 270 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 237, 323, 357 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vs. | 262, 294 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 51, 59, 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.μg | 116, 259, 264 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2021 | 54, 140, 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2023 | 225, 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acid | 307 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.iron | 123, 157, 219, 283, 320 |
| abstract_inverted_index.make | 104, 177, 194, 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.many | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mean | 246, 282 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meat | 7, 36, 80, 256, 266, 288, 298, 367 |
| abstract_inverted_index.need | 340 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 23, 333 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 286 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 66, 94, 101, 309 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 68, 78, 182, 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.≤1 | 312 |
| abstract_inverted_index.≥2 | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2023) | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2023. | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.PBMAs | 22, 32, 46, 100, 243, 261, 279, 293, 324, 361 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Tesco | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aimed | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.audit | 40, 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.beef, | 274 |
| abstract_inverted_index.claim | 92, 111, 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data, | 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data. | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.folic | 306 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in’ | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lower | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meat. | 349 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of’ | 107, 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pork, | 275 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 190, 327 |
| abstract_inverted_index.those | 346 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time, | 24, 334 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 38, 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.zinc, | 301 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(2021) | 185, 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(2023) | 188, 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2023). | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.22/324 | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.23/351 | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.25/324 | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.28/351 | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Around | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.B12’ | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Excel. | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Median | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.appear | 329 |
| abstract_inverted_index.around | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.audits | 328 |
| abstract_inverted_index.change | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.claim, | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.claim. | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.equate | 344 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 223, 281 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lamb), | 278 |
| abstract_inverted_index.levels | 30, 174, 336, 364 |
| abstract_inverted_index.listed | 310 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mg/100 | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mince, | 273 |
| abstract_inverted_index.online | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.option | 354 |
| abstract_inverted_index.≥4.2 | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PBMAs) | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(≥2.1 | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Further | 350 |
| abstract_inverted_index.On-pack | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Vitamin | 317 |
| abstract_inverted_index.changes | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compare | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.content | 3, 20, 73, 150, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.iron’ | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on-pack | 71, 151, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.product | 39, 313 |
| abstract_inverted_index.profile | 359 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reflect | 363 |
| abstract_inverted_index.similar | 35, 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vitamin | 113, 148, 198, 216, 247, 303, 338 |
| abstract_inverted_index.μg/100 | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.‘high | 109, 196, 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.≥0.75 | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(≥0.38 | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Nutrient | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Products | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Results: | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adequate | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applied. | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calcium, | 302 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chicken, | 276 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compared | 77, 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contents | 308, 321 |
| abstract_inverted_index.eligible | 102, 192, 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.however, | 335 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identify | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.included | 325 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increase | 342 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inputted | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.limited. | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.products | 37, 76, 81, 135, 155, 172, 191, 226, 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reported | 147, 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.software | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(burgers, | 272 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.0–3.0 | 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.4–2.7 | 295 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Knowledge | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Nutritics | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.category. | 239, 315 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducted | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contained | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determine | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extracted | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improving | 356 |
| abstract_inverted_index.products. | 368 |
| abstract_inverted_index.‘source | 106, 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(0.6–1.8 | 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(2.8–6.8 | 290 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Magnesium, | 300 |
| abstract_inverted_index.categories | 69, 253, 271, 289 |
| abstract_inverted_index.commercial | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparable | 287, 366 |
| abstract_inverted_index.containing | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increasing | 332 |
| abstract_inverted_index.products). | 267, 299 |
| abstract_inverted_index.represents | 352 |
| abstract_inverted_index.statistics | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thresholds | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Discussion: | 316 |
| abstract_inverted_index.categories, | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.content/100 | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.descriptive | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.information | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plant-based | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.alternatives | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.categorised, | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contents/100 | 249, 284 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Sainsbury’s | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fortification | 351 |
| abstract_inverted_index.micronutrient | 2, 19, 29, 72, 358 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respectively) | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respectively, | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respectively). | 130 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 95 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5063359694 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 7 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I126231945 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.7300000190734863 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Zero hunger |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.77145733 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |