Millimeter-Wave Interferometry for Opaque Particle-Laden Flows Article Swipe
Nicolas Rasmont
,
Hussein Al-Rashdan
,
Gregory Elliott
,
Joshua L. Rovey
,
Laura Villafañe
·
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2023.3277527
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2023.3277527
A novel method to measure the concentration of particles in optically opaque particle-laden flows is presented. This method is based on the principle of millimeter wave interferometry, using a fully-integrated frequency modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar operating between 77 and 81 GHz to measure path-integrated particle concentrations between the radar and a reflector. The instrument is capable of quantitative, high-speed (20 kHz) path-integrated concentration measurements in dispersed multiphase flows with concentrations one to two orders of magnitude higher than those at reach with state-of-the-art optical methods. The interferometer was demonstrated and calibrated for path-integrated number concentrations up to using glass microspheres with a mean diameter of . Two independent measurements of particle size distribution (PSD) were performed using X-ray microtomography and dry sieving. The calibration setup relied on high-resolution particle shadowgraphy applied to individual thin particle streams and used multistreams superposition to reproduce large optical depths in a controlled particle-air mixture. The instrument exhibited excellent linearity and low error during the calibration, with a phase shift-to-number concentration slope of , validating the measurement concept and paving the way for practical applications. The leading uncertainties are discussed, providing guidelines for exploiting the measurement concept without necessarily performing a direct calibration.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2023.3277527
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/22/4359079/10140148.pdf
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 6
- References
- 67
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4378907208
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4378907208Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2023.3277527Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Millimeter-Wave Interferometry for Opaque Particle-Laden FlowsWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2023Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2023-05-31Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Nicolas Rasmont, Hussein Al-Rashdan, Gregory Elliott, Joshua L. Rovey, Laura VillafañeList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2023.3277527Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/22/4359079/10140148.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/22/4359079/10140148.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Interferometry, Opacity, Calibration, Particle counter, Particle (ecology), Optics, Physics, Superposition principle, Particle size, Aerosol, Chemistry, Physical chemistry, Meteorology, Quantum mechanics, Oceanography, GeologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
6Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 4, 2024: 1, 2023: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
67Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4378907208 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2023.3277527 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2023.3277527 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4378907208 |
| fwci | 1.63481928 |
| type | article |
| title | Millimeter-Wave Interferometry for Opaque Particle-Laden Flows |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G807360238 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320306101 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | 80NSSC20K0304 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| biblio.issue | 11 |
| biblio.volume | 71 |
| biblio.last_page | 4905 |
| biblio.first_page | 4893 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T12350 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2212 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Ocean Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11255 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.987500011920929 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2204 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Biomedical Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11651 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[2].score | 0.9858999848365784 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2740 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine |
| topics[2].display_name | Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320306101 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/027ka1x80 |
| funders[0].display_name | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C166689943 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.6870824098587036 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Interferometry |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C60056205 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6064055562019348 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691914 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Opacity |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C165838908 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5918319821357727 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Calibration |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C159315249 |
| concepts[3].level | 3 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.564246416091919 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658756 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Particle counter |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2778517922 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.5290844440460205 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Particle (ecology) |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C120665830 |
| concepts[5].level | 1 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.4719269275665283 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Optics |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[6].level | 0 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4685346186161041 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C27753989 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4311544597148895 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Superposition principle |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C187530423 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.42140626907348633 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140503 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Particle size |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C2779345167 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.22118622064590454 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Aerosol |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C185592680 |
| concepts[10].level | 0 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.10983434319496155 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Chemistry |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C147789679 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Physical chemistry |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C153294291 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Meteorology |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C62520636 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C111368507 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Oceanography |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C127313418 |
| concepts[15].level | 0 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Geology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry |
| keywords[0].score | 0.6870824098587036 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Interferometry |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/opacity |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6064055562019348 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Opacity |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5918319821357727 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Calibration |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-counter |
| keywords[3].score | 0.564246416091919 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Particle counter |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/particle |
| keywords[4].score | 0.5290844440460205 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Particle (ecology) |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/optics |
| keywords[5].score | 0.4719269275665283 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Optics |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4685346186161041 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/superposition-principle |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4311544597148895 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Superposition principle |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-size |
| keywords[8].score | 0.42140626907348633 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Particle size |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/aerosol |
| keywords[9].score | 0.22118622064590454 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Aerosol |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry |
| keywords[10].score | 0.10983434319496155 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Chemistry |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1109/tmtt.2023.3277527 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S198879913 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0018-9480, 1557-9670 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0018-9480 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320754 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320754 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/22/4359079/10140148.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2023.3277527 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5065043955 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4170-1471 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Nicolas Rasmont |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/047426m28 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Nicolas Rasmont |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5034472630 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9839-7402 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Hussein Al-Rashdan |
| authorships[1].countries | US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/047426m28 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Hussein Tatal Al-Rashdan |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5044198101 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2264-1736 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Gregory Elliott |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/047426m28 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Gregory Elliott |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5084820611 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0371-2161 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Joshua L. Rovey |
| authorships[3].countries | US |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/047426m28 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Joshua Lucas Rovey |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5019192069 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2972-127X |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Laura Villafañe |
| authorships[4].countries | US |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/047426m28 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I157725225 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| authorships[4].author_position | last |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Laura Villafañe |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/22/4359079/10140148.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | hybrid |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Millimeter-Wave Interferometry for Opaque Particle-Laden Flows |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T12350 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2212 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Ocean Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2161791806, https://openalex.org/W4366824690, https://openalex.org/W2073474947, https://openalex.org/W2613656770, https://openalex.org/W2482431380, https://openalex.org/W2053059436, https://openalex.org/W4313201885, https://openalex.org/W2082077321, https://openalex.org/W2401696997, https://openalex.org/W4243546976 |
| cited_by_count | 6 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 1 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1109/tmtt.2023.3277527 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S198879913 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 0018-9480, 1557-9670 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 0018-9480 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320754 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320754 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/22/4359079/10140148.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2023.3277527 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1109/tmtt.2023.3277527 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S198879913 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0018-9480, 1557-9670 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0018-9480 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320754 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320754 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/22/4359079/10140148.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2023.3277527 |
| publication_date | 2023-05-31 |
| publication_year | 2023 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2165008991, https://openalex.org/W2068528155, https://openalex.org/W2028705189, https://openalex.org/W2078328761, https://openalex.org/W2008538475, https://openalex.org/W1965947850, https://openalex.org/W1600741091, https://openalex.org/W4313509466, https://openalex.org/W3163265900, https://openalex.org/W2095331231, https://openalex.org/W4283216515, https://openalex.org/W2119014988, https://openalex.org/W2104934408, https://openalex.org/W2104612958, https://openalex.org/W3043764218, https://openalex.org/W2992432788, https://openalex.org/W2587525221, https://openalex.org/W4206481182, https://openalex.org/W4211251711, https://openalex.org/W4205984427, https://openalex.org/W1977242689, https://openalex.org/W2143251065, https://openalex.org/W2053996479, https://openalex.org/W3025293388, https://openalex.org/W4205198565, https://openalex.org/W2972737414, https://openalex.org/W3092213525, https://openalex.org/W2064420490, https://openalex.org/W2505057612, https://openalex.org/W2104428183, https://openalex.org/W197046871, https://openalex.org/W63067479, https://openalex.org/W2800169322, https://openalex.org/W2745721099, https://openalex.org/W3015330331, https://openalex.org/W3093671889, https://openalex.org/W2013863723, https://openalex.org/W3184179913, https://openalex.org/W1997658618, https://openalex.org/W1968148105, https://openalex.org/W3095789214, https://openalex.org/W2599270242, https://openalex.org/W2005930466, https://openalex.org/W1976093005, https://openalex.org/W1973494253, https://openalex.org/W4206456794, https://openalex.org/W2410624667, https://openalex.org/W2061994240, https://openalex.org/W2157151881, https://openalex.org/W2909892328, https://openalex.org/W2101524987, https://openalex.org/W3133986366, https://openalex.org/W2058154965, https://openalex.org/W2001431656, https://openalex.org/W2082745407, https://openalex.org/W2024232892, https://openalex.org/W2046181186, https://openalex.org/W2069124978, https://openalex.org/W2047314156, https://openalex.org/W2027116781, https://openalex.org/W1993759417, https://openalex.org/W2163316777, https://openalex.org/W2167675023, https://openalex.org/W1986040609, https://openalex.org/W2081399276, https://openalex.org/W2083616157, https://openalex.org/W3101455496 |
| referenced_works_count | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index., | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.. | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 28, 50, 111, 163, 179, 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.77 | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.81 | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 9, 64, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 14, 18, 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 7, 23, 56, 74, 114, 126, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 20, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 3, 41, 71, 96, 148, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.up | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(20 | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.GHz | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 52, 85, 139, 167, 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Two | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.\pm | 102, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 38, 49, 89, 136, 153, 172, 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dry | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 91, 203, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.one | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 5, 21, 47, 176, 196, 201, 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.way | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.kHz) | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mean | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.size | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thin | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wave | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 68, 81, 110, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PSD) | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.24) | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.X-ray | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.error | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flows | 13, 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.glass | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.large | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.novel | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phase | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.radar | 34, 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reach | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.setup | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.slope | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.those | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 27, 107, 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(FMCW) | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.depths | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.direct | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.during | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.method | 2, 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.opaque | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.orders | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paving | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relied | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.\ttimes | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applied | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 36, 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.capable | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concept | 198, 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leading | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measure | 4, 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optical | 83, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.streams | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.without | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diameter | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methods. | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mixture. | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particle | 44, 127, 145, 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sieving. | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.<tex-math | 100, 118, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dispersed | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.excellent | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exhibited | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.frequency | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.linearity | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.magnitude | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modulated | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operating | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optically | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particles | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performed | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.practical | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.principle | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.providing | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reproduce | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibrated | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.controlled | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discussed, | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exploiting | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.guidelines | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high-speed | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.individual | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.instrument | 53, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.millimeter | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multiphase | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performing | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presented. | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reflector. | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.validating | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibration | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.independent | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurement | 197, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.necessarily | 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibration, | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibration. | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrated | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distribution | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurements | 63, 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microspheres | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multistreams | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particle-air | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shadowgraphy | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.043)\ttimes | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applications. | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concentration | 6, 62, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quantitative, | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.superposition | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uncertainties | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concentrations | 45, 69, 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interferometer | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particle-laden | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.<inline-formula | 97, 115, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.continuous-wave | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high-resolution | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interferometry, | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microtomography | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.path-integrated | 43, 61, 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shift-to-number | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fully-integrated | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.state-of-the-art | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.</inline-formula> | 106, 121, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.\mathrm{m}$</tex-math> | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.notation="LaTeX">$(4.36 | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.notation="LaTeX">$(1.378 | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.notation="LaTeX">$109.2~\mu | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.10^{-7}~\text{m}^2$</tex-math> | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.10^{8}~\text{m}^{-2}$</tex-math> | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> | 99, 117, 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" | 98, 116, 186 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 98 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.79518963 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |