Misinformation reminders enhance belief updating and memory for corrections: the role of attention during encoding revealed by eye tracking Article Swipe
Bayley M Wellons
,
Christopher N. Wahlheim
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-025-00649-y
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-025-00649-y
Misinformation exposure can cause inaccurate beliefs and memories. These unwanted outcomes can be mitigated when misinformation reminders—veracity-labeled statements that repeat earlier-read false information—appear before corrections with true information. The present experiment used eye tracking to examine the role of attention while encoding corrective details in the beneficial effects of reminder-based corrections. Participants read headlines in a belief-updating task that included a within-subjects manipulation of correction format. They first rated the familiarity and veracity of true and false headlines (Phase 1). Then, they read true headlines that corrected false headlines or affirmed true headlines (Phase 2). The true headlines appeared (1) without veracity labels, (2) with veracity labels, or (3) with misinformation reminders and veracity labels. Finally, participants re-rated the veracity of the Phase 1 headlines and rated their memory for whether those headlines were corrected in Phase 2 (Phase 3). Reminder-based corrections led to the greatest reduction in false beliefs, best high confidence recognition of corrections, and earliest eye fixations to the true details of corrections during encoding in Phase 2. Corrections remembered with the highest confidence rating were associated with more and earlier fixations to true details in correction statements in Phase 2. Collectively, these results suggest that misinformation reminders directed attention to corrective details, which improved encoding and subsequent memory for veracity information. These results have applied implications in suggesting that optimal correction formats should include features that direct attention to, and thus support encoding of, the contrast between false and true information.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-025-00649-y
- https://cognitiveresearchjournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s41235-025-00649-y
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 66
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4412065413
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4412065413Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-025-00649-yDigital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Misinformation reminders enhance belief updating and memory for corrections: the role of attention during encoding revealed by eye trackingWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-07-06Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Bayley M Wellons, Christopher N. WahlheimList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-025-00649-yPublisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://cognitiveresearchjournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s41235-025-00649-yDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
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https://cognitiveresearchjournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s41235-025-00649-yDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
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Misinformation, Encoding (memory), Psychology, Eye tracking, False memory, Cognitive psychology, Task (project management), Computer science, Social psychology, Recall, Artificial intelligence, Computer security, Economics, ManagementTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
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0Total citation count in OpenAlex
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66Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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