Model based mapping of a novel prototype spark ignition opposed-piston engine Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434
Blower-scavenged opposed-piston two-stroke engines possess inherent thermodynamic advantages over four stroke engines. Increasingly well demonstrated in compression ignition form, they are less so in spark ignition form, where there is clearly room for further investigation. Using CONVERGE® CFD, in this work therefore the fuelling requirements of a novel and under-construction small-displacement, two-stroke, spark-ignition, blower-scavenged opposed-piston engine prototype were estimated using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations. Trapped air mass values generated from motored simulations were used to populate a fuel-agnostic table of speed/scavenge pressure conditions, which will significantly aid the configuration of the engine ECU. This table was tested using targeted fuelled simulations, based on bulk in-cylinder equivalence ratio. Results indicate it was able to predict the required fuel within ±2 % at 1500 rpm, 120/150/180 kPa and 3000 rpm, 150/180 kPa, within ±10 % at 3000 rpm, 120 kPa and 5000 rpm, 180 kPa, and within ±20 % at 5000 rpm, 150 kPa. It performed less well at 5000 rpm, 120 kPa where it overestimated the required fuel by over 43 %, although this was to be expected given the reduced scavenging performance at high speed, low scavenge pressure conditions. The swirl-imparting geometry also appeared to aid in flame front propagation.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 4
- References
- 32
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4395020970
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4395020970Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Model based mapping of a novel prototype spark ignition opposed-piston engineWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-04-22Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
S.F. Furze, Solon L. Barraclough, Derong Liu, Sonia Melendi-EspinaList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
SPARK (programming language), Piston (optics), Ignition system, Spark-ignition engine, Automotive engineering, Mechanical engineering, Engineering, Computer science, Physics, Aerospace engineering, Optics, Wavefront, Programming languageTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
4Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 3, 2024: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
32Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4395020970 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4395020970 |
| fwci | 1.65791143 |
| type | article |
| title | Model based mapping of a novel prototype spark ignition opposed-piston engine |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 309 |
| biblio.last_page | 118434 |
| biblio.first_page | 118434 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10117 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/15 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Chemical Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1507 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes |
| topics[0].display_name | Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T13990 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9926999807357788 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2203 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Automotive Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Engine and Fuel Emissions |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T12139 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9911999702453613 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2210 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Mechanical Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Advanced Thermodynamic Systems and Engines |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 4160 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 4160 |
| apc_paid.value | 4160 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 4160 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C2781215313 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7742593288421631 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493345 |
| concepts[0].display_name | SPARK (programming language) |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C199524791 |
| concepts[1].level | 3 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7006891965866089 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7198512 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Piston (optics) |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C159063594 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6629761457443237 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248382 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Ignition system |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C2777703250 |
| concepts[3].level | 3 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.6467090845108032 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651473 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Spark-ignition engine |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C171146098 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.5264254808425903 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Automotive engineering |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C78519656 |
| concepts[5].level | 1 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.3784887194633484 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Mechanical engineering |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[6].level | 0 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.36225926876068115 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[7].level | 0 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.3264288902282715 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[8].level | 0 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.24538931250572205 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C146978453 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.22614559531211853 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Aerospace engineering |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C120665830 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.09499412775039673 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Optics |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C165699331 |
| concepts[11].level | 2 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461533 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Wavefront |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C199360897 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Programming language |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/spark |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7742593288421631 |
| keywords[0].display_name | SPARK (programming language) |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/piston |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7006891965866089 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Piston (optics) |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ignition-system |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6629761457443237 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Ignition system |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/spark-ignition-engine |
| keywords[3].score | 0.6467090845108032 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Spark-ignition engine |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering |
| keywords[4].score | 0.5264254808425903 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Automotive engineering |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering |
| keywords[5].score | 0.3784887194633484 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Mechanical engineering |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[6].score | 0.36225926876068115 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[7].score | 0.3264288902282715 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[8].score | 0.24538931250572205 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering |
| keywords[9].score | 0.22614559531211853 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Aerospace engineering |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/optics |
| keywords[10].score | 0.09499412775039673 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Optics |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S105637730 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0196-8904, 1879-2227 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0196-8904 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Energy Conversion and Management |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320990 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Elsevier BV |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320990 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Elsevier BV |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Energy Conversion and Management |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk:95022 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400384 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1118541 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | University of East Anglia |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1118541 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | acceptedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | PeerReviewed |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5095841332 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | S.F. Furze |
| authorships[0].countries | GB |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1118541, https://openalex.org/I2799300731 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Engineering, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I2799300731 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0062dz060 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | archive |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2799300731 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Norwich Research Park |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I1118541 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/026k5mg93 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1118541 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | University of East Anglia |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | S.F. Furze |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Engineering, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5030234594 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Solon L. Barraclough |
| authorships[1].countries | GB |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1118541, https://openalex.org/I2799300731 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Engineering, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I2799300731 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0062dz060 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | archive |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2799300731 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Norwich Research Park |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I1118541 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/026k5mg93 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1118541 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | University of East Anglia |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | S. Barraclough |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Engineering, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5004057129 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3715-4778 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Derong Liu |
| authorships[2].countries | GB |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1118541, https://openalex.org/I2799300731 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Engineering, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I2799300731 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0062dz060 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | archive |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2799300731 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Norwich Research Park |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I1118541 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/026k5mg93 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1118541 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name | University of East Anglia |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | D. Liu |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Engineering, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5039923330 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1083-3896 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Sonia Melendi-Espina |
| authorships[3].countries | GB |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1118541, https://openalex.org/I2799300731 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Engineering, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I2799300731 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0062dz060 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | archive |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2799300731 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Norwich Research Park |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I1118541 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/026k5mg93 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1118541 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].display_name | University of East Anglia |
| authorships[3].author_position | last |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | S. Melendi-Espina |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Engineering, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434 |
| open_access.oa_status | hybrid |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Model based mapping of a novel prototype spark ignition opposed-piston engine |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10117 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/15 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Chemical Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1507 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes |
| primary_topic.display_name | Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W3123730621, https://openalex.org/W2269664472, https://openalex.org/W1993541571, https://openalex.org/W2166567466, https://openalex.org/W1983534823, https://openalex.org/W2080007495, https://openalex.org/W1654752315, https://openalex.org/W4301018982, https://openalex.org/W4288548573, https://openalex.org/W2209556343 |
| cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 3 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S105637730 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 0196-8904, 1879-2227 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 0196-8904 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Energy Conversion and Management |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320990 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Elsevier BV |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320990 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Elsevier BV |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Energy Conversion and Management |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S105637730 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0196-8904, 1879-2227 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0196-8904 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Energy Conversion and Management |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320990 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Elsevier BV |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320990 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Elsevier BV |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Energy Conversion and Management |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118434 |
| publication_date | 2024-04-22 |
| publication_year | 2024 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W4307567619, https://openalex.org/W3031542079, https://openalex.org/W2986153215, https://openalex.org/W4225320206, https://openalex.org/W3172056608, https://openalex.org/W3175529682, https://openalex.org/W3043190004, https://openalex.org/W3008320384, https://openalex.org/W2098010241, https://openalex.org/W6791536010, https://openalex.org/W2117434045, https://openalex.org/W6758123258, https://openalex.org/W6757685425, https://openalex.org/W6619994129, https://openalex.org/W4293200148, https://openalex.org/W6793994568, https://openalex.org/W2980456774, https://openalex.org/W4283318059, https://openalex.org/W3207934223, https://openalex.org/W6760801360, https://openalex.org/W2112572861, https://openalex.org/W2324986918, https://openalex.org/W1976833865, https://openalex.org/W2907660578, https://openalex.org/W3153558389, https://openalex.org/W1486748646, https://openalex.org/W2297899694, https://openalex.org/W3133158961, https://openalex.org/W2782750124, https://openalex.org/W626261978, https://openalex.org/W4239227876, https://openalex.org/W2928278319 |
| referenced_works_count | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.% | 120, 133, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 46, 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.%, | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.43 | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.It | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 121, 134, 148, 157, 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 15, 23, 38, 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 110, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 45, 80, 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.so | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 75, 113, 175, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.120 | 137, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.150 | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.180 | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aid | 87, 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.air | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 48, 126, 139, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.kPa | 125, 138, 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 42, 88, 91, 115, 165, 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 96, 111, 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.±2 | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1500 | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3000 | 127, 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5000 | 140, 149, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CFD, | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ECU. | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.able | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bulk | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.four | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fuel | 117, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.kPa, | 130, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.kPa. | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.less | 21, 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mass | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 8, 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.room | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rpm, | 123, 128, 136, 141, 150, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.they | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 39, 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 13, 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 57, 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.will | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.±10 | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.±20 | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Using | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flame | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fluid | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.form, | 18, 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.front | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.given | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.novel | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spark | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.table | 79, 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.there | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 59, 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.where | 27, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.engine | 55, 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratio. | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.speed, | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stroke | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tested | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.values | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 118, 131, 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.150/180 | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Results | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Trapped | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clearly | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.engines | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fuelled | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.further | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.motored | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.possess | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predict | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reduced | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.although | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.appeared | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dynamics | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.engines. | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.expected | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fuelling | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.geometry | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ignition | 17, 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicate | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inherent | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.populate | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pressure | 82, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.required | 116, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scavenge | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.targeted | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.estimated | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generated | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performed | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prototype | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.therefore | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CONVERGE® | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.advantages | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scavenging | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two-stroke | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.120/150/180 | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compression | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conditions, | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conditions. | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.equivalence | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in-cylinder | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performance | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulations | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two-stroke, | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Increasingly | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrated | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.propagation. | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.requirements | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulations, | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulations. | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computational | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.configuration | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fuel-agnostic | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overestimated | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significantly | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thermodynamic | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigation. | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.opposed-piston | 1, 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.speed/scavenge | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spark-ignition, | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.swirl-imparting | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Blower-scavenged | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blower-scavenged | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three-dimensional | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.under-construction | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.small-displacement, | 50 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 90 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5095841332 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1118541, https://openalex.org/I2799300731 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8600000143051147 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Affordable and clean energy |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.73784032 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |