Modelling vitamin D fortification scenarios for the Australian population Article Swipe
Erin S. Dunlop
,
A Lawrence
,
B. Neo
,
Máiréad Kiely
,
Anna Rangan
,
Caryl Nowson
,
Paul Adorno
,
Paul Atyeo
,
Edoardo Tescari
,
Daniel Russo‐Batterham
,
K. Doyle
,
Lucinda J. Black
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665125000886
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665125000886
Low vitamin D status (circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration < 50 nmol/L) affects nearly one in four Australian adults (1) . The primary source of vitamin D is sun exposure; however, a safe level of sun exposure for optimal vitamin D production has not been established. As supplement use is uneven, increasing vitamin D in food is the logical option for improving vitamin D status at a population level. The dietary supply of vitamin D is low since few foods are naturally rich in vitamin D. While there is no Australia-specific estimated average requirement (EAR) for vitamin D, the Institute of Medicine recommends an EAR of 10 μg/day for all ages. Vitamin D intake is low in Australia, with mean usual intake ranging from 1.8–3.2 μg/day across sex/age groups (2) , suggesting a need for data-driven nutrition policy to improve the dietary supply of vitamin D. Food fortification has proven effective in other countries. We aimed to model four potential vitamin D fortification scenarios to determine an optimal strategy for Australia. We used food consumption data for people aged ≥ 2 years (n = 12,153) from the 2011–2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, and analytical food composition data for vitamin D 3 , 25(OH)D 3 , vitamin D 2 and 25(OH)D 2 (3) . Certain foods are permitted for mandatory or voluntary fortification in Australia. As industry uptake of the voluntary option is low, Scenario 1 simulated addition of the maximum permitted amount of vitamin D to all foods permitted under the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (dairy products/plant-based alternatives, edible oil spreads, formulated beverages and permitted ready-to-eat breakfast cereals (RTEBC)). Scenarios 2–4 modelled higher concentrations than those permitted for fluid milk/alternatives (1 μg/100 mL) and edible oil spreads (20 μg/100 g) within an expanding list of food vehicles: Scenario 2—dairy products/alternatives, edible oil spreads, formulated beverages; Scenario 3—Scenario 2 plus RTEBC; Scenario 4—Scenario 3 plus bread (which is not permitted for vitamin D fortification in Australia). Usual intake was modelled for the four scenarios across sex and age groups using the National Cancer Institute Method (4) . Assuming equal bioactivity of the D vitamers, the range of mean usual vitamin D intake across age groups for males for Scenarios 1 to 4, respectively, was 7.2–8.8, 6.9–8.3, 8.0–9.7 and 9.3–11.3 μg/day; the respective values for females were 5.8–7.5, 5.8–7.2, 6.4–8.3 and 7.5–9.5 μg/day. No participant exceeded the upper level of intake (80 μg/day) under any scenario. Systematic fortification of all foods permitted for vitamin D fortification could substantially improve vitamin D intake across the population. However, the optimal strategy would require permissions for bread as a food vehicle, and addition of higher than permitted concentrations of vitamin D to fluid milks/alternatives and edible oil spreads.
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Metadata
- Type
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- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665125000886
- https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/852F95B59560DEEE300EC3B54703B80D/S0029665125000886a.pdf/div-class-title-modelling-vitamin-d-fortification-scenarios-for-the-australian-population-div.pdf
- OA Status
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- Related Works
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- OpenAlex ID
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All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
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https://openalex.org/W4410566683Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665125000886Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Modelling vitamin D fortification scenarios for the Australian populationWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-04-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Erin S. Dunlop, A Lawrence, B. Neo, Máiréad Kiely, Anna Rangan, Caryl Nowson, Paul Adorno, Paul Atyeo, Edoardo Tescari, Daniel Russo‐Batterham, K. Doyle, Lucinda J. BlackList of authors in order
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https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665125000886Publisher landing page
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/852F95B59560DEEE300EC3B54703B80D/S0029665125000886a.pdf/div-class-title-modelling-vitamin-d-fortification-scenarios-for-the-australian-population-div.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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bronzeOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/852F95B59560DEEE300EC3B54703B80D/S0029665125000886a.pdf/div-class-title-modelling-vitamin-d-fortification-scenarios-for-the-australian-population-div.pdfDirect OA link when available
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Fortification, Vitamin D and neurology, Population, Vitamin, Environmental science, Environmental health, Medicine, Geography, Internal medicine, ArchaeologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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0Total citation count in OpenAlex
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.was | 331, 376 |
| abstract_inverted_index.≥ | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.< | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Code | 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Food | 146, 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aged | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 175, 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.food | 55, 173, 196, 299, 438 |
| abstract_inverted_index.four | 16, 158, 335 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 123, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.list | 297 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low, | 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mean | 119, 360 |
| abstract_inverted_index.need | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plus | 312, 317 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rich | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.safe | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 278, 444 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 388 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(EAR) | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2–4 | 274 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Usual | 329 |
| abstract_inverted_index.While | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ages. | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aimed | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bread | 318, 435 |
| abstract_inverted_index.could | 418 |
| abstract_inverted_index.equal | 351 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fluid | 282, 451 |
| abstract_inverted_index.foods | 79, 216, 249, 412 |
| abstract_inverted_index.level | 33, 400 |
| abstract_inverted_index.males | 369 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.range | 358 |
| abstract_inverted_index.since | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.there | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.those | 279 |
| abstract_inverted_index.under | 251, 405 |
| abstract_inverted_index.upper | 399 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 342 |
| abstract_inverted_index.usual | 120, 361 |
| abstract_inverted_index.would | 431 |
| abstract_inverted_index.years | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(dairy | 259 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(which | 319 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Cancer | 345 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Method | 347 |
| abstract_inverted_index.RTEBC; | 313 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 126, 337, 365, 424 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adults | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.amount | 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.edible | 262, 288, 304, 454 |
| abstract_inverted_index.groups | 128, 341, 367 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 276, 443 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intake | 113, 121, 330, 364, 402, 423 |
| abstract_inverted_index.level. | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nearly | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.option | 59, 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.people | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.policy | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proven | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.source | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.status | 3, 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.supply | 71, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uptake | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.values | 385 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 294 |
| abstract_inverted_index.12,153) | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.25(OH)D | 204, 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Certain | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Survey, | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Vitamin | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Zealand | 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.affects | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.average | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cereals | 271 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dietary | 70, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.females | 387 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improve | 139, 420 |
| abstract_inverted_index.logical | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maximum | 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nmol/L) | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimal | 38, 167, 429 |
| abstract_inverted_index.primary | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ranging | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.require | 432 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sex/age | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spreads | 290 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uneven, | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vitamin | 1, 25, 39, 52, 62, 73, 84, 96, 144, 160, 200, 207, 245, 324, 362, 415, 421, 448 |
| abstract_inverted_index.μg/100 | 285, 292 |
| abstract_inverted_index.μg/day | 107, 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Activity | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Assuming | 350 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 427 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Medicine | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.National | 188, 344 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Physical | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Scenario | 235, 301, 309, 314 |
| abstract_inverted_index.addition | 238, 441 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exceeded | 397 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exposure | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.however, | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.industry | 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modelled | 275, 332 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spreads, | 264, 306 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spreads. | 456 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strategy | 168, 430 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vehicle, | 439 |
| abstract_inverted_index.μg/day) | 404 |
| abstract_inverted_index.μg/day. | 394 |
| abstract_inverted_index.μg/day; | 382 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(RTEBC)). | 272 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.8–3.2 | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2—dairy | 302 |
| abstract_inverted_index.6.4–8.3 | 391 |
| abstract_inverted_index.7.5–9.5 | 393 |
| abstract_inverted_index.8.0–9.7 | 379 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Australia | 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Institute | 99, 346 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Nutrition | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Scenarios | 273, 371 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Standards | 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.[25(OH)D] | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.beverages | 266 |
| abstract_inverted_index.breakfast | 270 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determine | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effective | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.estimated | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.expanding | 296 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exposure; | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improving | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mandatory | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.naturally | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nutrition | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.permitted | 218, 242, 250, 268, 280, 322, 413, 445 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scenario. | 407 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scenarios | 163, 336 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulated | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vehicles: | 300 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vitamers, | 356 |
| abstract_inverted_index.voluntary | 222, 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5.8–7.2, | 390 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5.8–7.5, | 389 |
| abstract_inverted_index.6.9–8.3, | 378 |
| abstract_inverted_index.7.2–8.8, | 377 |
| abstract_inverted_index.9.3–11.3 | 381 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Australia, | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Australia. | 170, 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Australian | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Systematic | 408 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analytical | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.beverages; | 308 |
| abstract_inverted_index.countries. | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formulated | 265, 307 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increasing | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.population | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.production | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recommends | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respective | 384 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggesting | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.supplement | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2011–2012 | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Australia). | 328 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bioactivity | 352 |
| abstract_inverted_index.composition | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consumption | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data-driven | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.participant | 396 |
| abstract_inverted_index.permissions | 433 |
| abstract_inverted_index.population. | 426 |
| abstract_inverted_index.requirement | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(circulating | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3—Scenario | 310 |
| abstract_inverted_index.4—Scenario | 315 |
| abstract_inverted_index.established. | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ready-to-eat | 269 |
| abstract_inverted_index.alternatives, | 261 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concentration | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fortification | 147, 162, 223, 326, 409, 417 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respectively, | 375 |
| abstract_inverted_index.substantially | 419 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concentrations | 277, 446 |
| abstract_inverted_index.25-hydroxyvitamin | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.milk/alternatives | 283 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Australia-specific | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.milks/alternatives | 452 |
| abstract_inverted_index.products/plant-based | 260 |
| abstract_inverted_index.products/alternatives, | 303 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 12 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.27553777 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |