Modifications of Stratospheric Dynamics and Circulation by Volcanic Eruptions Article Swipe
Tropical volcanic eruptions are capable of delivering enormous quantities for ash and sulfur dioxide (SO2) to the stratosphere. Once there, SO2 reacts with atmospheric water to form sulfate aerosols, which persist in the sky for years. Radiative forcing by these aerosols--scattering of sunlight, and absorption of outgoing thermal and near-infrared solar radiation--alters the atmospheric temperature profile. Observations have indicated that the global-average temperature increases in the stratosphere, and decreases at the surface by several degrees Celsius as a result. These changes in turn have far-reaching effects on the global circulation. In this thesis, Exascale Energy Earth System Model (E3SM) from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) is used to simulate the atmosphere in the years following the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines. The simulation outputs are then analyzed in order to understand the dynamical processes which govern not only changes in temperature, but also changes in winds and global mass transport that result. Two different types of simulations are used; an idealized atmosphere-only model which couples aerosol concentration directly to atmospheric temperature, and a more complex model which treats aerosol processes more fundamentally, and additionally simulates energy exchange between the atmosphere, ocean, and land. In Chapter 2, the idealized model is described, which was developed as a part of the research of this thesis. Specifically, the model includes a stratospheric injection of volcanic SO2 and ash. The ash fallout, conversion of SO2 to sulfate aerosols, and radiative forcing by the aerosols are parameterized by a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It is shown the model can be tuned to produce post-eruption temperature anomalies that mimic those of the historical Mt. Piantubo eruption. Chapter 3 and 4 employ the more complex model and a transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) analysis framework in order to study the changes to zonal momentum, wave dynamics, and circulation which are caused by volcanic forcing of temperature. Using two different 15-member simulation ensembles, Chapter 3 describes statistically robust findings of accelerated polar vortex region winds near 8 m/s for 1 year following the eruption. The cause is identified as enhanced equatorward planetary wave deflection during winter, and an enhanced meridional circulation during summer. Chapter 4 then investigates the consequences of these dynamical changes on the global transport of trace gases. It is found that age of stratospheric air (measure as time since last contact with the troposphere) decreases by up to 5 months everywhere but for the southern hemisphere's lower stratosphere, where it is increased by up to 3 months. This finding is attributed to an volcanically-induced meridional circulation which accelerates and decelerates the background circulation in the northern and southern hemisphere, respectively. The origin of this difference is shown to be related to both the latitude and the season of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. It is also found that the strength of this effect on transport scales approximately linearly with the size of the eruption, within a tested range of 3-15 Tg of eruptive SO2.
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Modifications of Stratospheric Dynamics and Circulation by Volcanic EruptionsWork title
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enPrimary language
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2025Year of publication
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2025-01-01Full publication date if available
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Joseph HollowedList of authors in order
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| abstract_inverted_index.hemisphere's | 405 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigates | 363 |
| abstract_inverted_index.temperature, | 144, 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.temperature. | 313 |
| abstract_inverted_index.troposphere) | 393 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Specifically, | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approximately | 475 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concentration | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.near-infrared | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parameterized | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.post-eruption | 264 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respectively. | 439 |
| abstract_inverted_index.statistically | 323 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stratosphere, | 66, 407 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stratosphere. | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stratospheric | 222, 383 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fundamentally, | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.global-average | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.atmosphere-only | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.radiation--alters | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aerosols--scattering | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.volcanically-induced | 423 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5027997383 |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 1 |
| citation_normalized_percentile |