Multicellular Tumor Spheroids: A Comprehensive Review of Tumor Biology and Drug Delivery Strategies Article Swipe
Aziz Ur Rahman
,
Maqsood Ur Rehman
,
Zubayer Islam
,
Mehwish
,
Muhammad Zain Ul Abideen
,
Sana Rashid
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i1.480
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i1.480
Background: Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) have emerged as pivotal three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models for replicating the tumor microenvironment. They offer significant advantages over two-dimensional (2D) cultures, particularly for studying drug resistance, hypoxia, and delivery mechanisms. Objective: To systematically evaluate the application of MCTS in cancer research, emphasizing their role in drug delivery, resistance mechanisms, and tumor modeling, with a detailed subgroup and cumulative analysis of their efficacy. Methods: A comprehensive review was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2023. Keywords such as “multicellular tumor spheroids,” “3D cell culture,” and “drug resistance” were used. Subgroup analyses were conducted on studies focusing on hypoxia, biomaterial-based MCTS, and high-throughput systems. Numerical data were synthesized for cumulative insights, comparing MCTS against traditional 2D models. Results: MCTS increased drug penetration by 32% (95% CI: 28–36%, p < 0.001) compared to 2D cultures. Subgroup analysis revealed a 40% (p < 0.01) rise in drug resistance under hypoxic conditions. Biomaterial-based MCTS improved extracellular matrix heterogeneity by 58% (p < 0.05). High-throughput systems reduced spheroid size variability by 43%, enhancing reproducibility. Conclusion: MCTS significantly improve tumor mimicry and drug evaluation precision compared to 2D models. Their scalability and vascularization remain key areas for advancement, with subgroup analyses highlighting their potential for personalized medicine.
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Metadata
- Type
- review
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i1.480
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 1
- References
- 35
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- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4406725261
All OpenAlex metadata
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https://openalex.org/W4406725261Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i1.480Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Multicellular Tumor Spheroids: A Comprehensive Review of Tumor Biology and Drug Delivery StrategiesWork title
- Type
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reviewOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
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2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-01-20Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Aziz Ur Rahman, Maqsood Ur Rehman, Zubayer Islam, Mehwish, Muhammad Zain Ul Abideen, Sana RashidList of authors in order
- Landing page
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https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i1.480Publisher landing page
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i1.480Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Multicellular organism, Spheroid, Biology, Drug delivery, Computational biology, Nanotechnology, Cell culture, Cell, Materials science, GeneticsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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1Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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35Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.databases, | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluation | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resistance | 53, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Background: | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Conclusion: | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.application | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conditions. | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.culture,” | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emphasizing | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mechanisms, | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mechanisms. | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.penetration | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.replicating | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resistance, | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scalability | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significant | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.synthesized | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.traditional | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variability | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.advancement, | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highlighting | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particularly | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.personalized | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Multicellular | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprehensive | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extracellular | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.heterogeneity | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resistance” | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significantly | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spheroids,” | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systematically | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.High-throughput | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high-throughput | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two-dimensional | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vascularization | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reproducibility. | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.“multicellular | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Biomaterial-based | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.biomaterial-based | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microenvironment. | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three-dimensional | 9 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 95 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 91 |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 6 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.71399273 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |