Multi‐Omics Analysis of Experimentally Evolved Candida auris Isolates Reveals Modulation of Sterols, Sphingolipids, and Oxidative Stress in Acquired Amphotericin B Resistance Article Swipe

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Biology Ergosterol Candida auris Downregulation and upregulation Transcriptome Microbiology Sterol Phenotype Gene Sphingolipid Lipidome Drug resistance Mutant Genetics Amphotericin B Biochemistry Gene expression Lipidomics Antifungal Cholesterol

Anshu Chauhan , Hans Carolus , Dimitrios Sofras , Mohit Kumar , Praveen Kumar , Remya Nair , Aswathy Narayanan , Kusum Yadav , Basharat Ali , Vladislav Biriukov , Amandeep Saini , Ian Leaves , Rudy Vergauwen , Celia Lobo Romero , Dhara Malavia , Ashutosh Singh , Atanu Banerjee , Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy , Arunaloke Chakrabarti , Alok K. Mondal , Naseem A. Gaur , Kaustuv Sanyal , Jeffrey M. Rybak , Toni Gabaldón , Patrick Van Dijck , Neil A. R. Gow , Rajendra Prasad ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mmi.15379 · OA: W4411077968

Clinical isolates of Candida auris show a high prevalence of resistance to Amphotericin B (AmB)—an uncommon trait in most Candida species. Alterations in ergosterol biosynthesis can contribute to acquired AmB resistance in C. auris laboratory strains but are rarely seen in clinical isolates. In this study, we experimentally evolved two drug‐susceptible Clade II isolates of C. auris to develop AmB resistance. The evolved strains displayed a four to eight fold increase in MIC 50 compared to the parental cells. We analyzed changes in their karyotype, genome, lipidome, and transcriptome associated with this acquired resistance. In one lineage, AOX2 was upregulated, and its deletion reversed the AmB resistance phenotype. The aox2Δ mutant also failed to evolve AmB resistance under experimental conditions. In the same lineage, restoring the UPC2 S332R and RTG3 S101T mutations to the wild‐type allele restored AmB susceptibility. In another lineage, the ergosterol and sphingolipid pathways were observed to play a critical role, and upregulation of the ERG genes elevated the total sterol content, while significant downregulation of HSX11 (glucosylceramide synthase) resulted in lower levels of glucosylceramides. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show that AmB resistance in C. auris can be acquired through mechanisms both dependent on or independent of sterol content modulation, highlighting Aox2 and Upc2 as key regulators of amphotericin resistance.