Nasal Immunization With Small Molecule Mast Cell Activators Enhance Immunity to Co-Administered Subunit Immunogens Article Swipe
Brandi T. Johnson‐Weaver
,
Hae Woong Choi
,
Hang Yang
,
Joshua A. Granek
,
Cliburn Chan
,
Soman N. Abraham
,
Herman F. Staats
·
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346
Mast cell activators are a novel class of mucosal vaccine adjuvants. The polymeric compound, Compound 48/80 (C48/80), and cationic peptide, Mastoparan 7 (M7) are mast cell activators that provide adjuvant activity when administered by the nasal route. However, small molecule mast cell activators may be a more cost-efficient adjuvant alternative that is easily synthesized with high purity compared to M7 or C48/80. To identify novel mast cell activating compounds that could be evaluated for mucosal vaccine adjuvant activity, we employed high-throughput screening to assess over 55,000 small molecules for mast cell degranulation activity. Fifteen mast cell activating compounds were down-selected to five compounds based on in vitro immune activation activities including cytokine production and cellular cytotoxicity, synthesis feasibility, and selection for functional diversity. These small molecule mast cell activators were evaluated for in vivo adjuvant activity and induction of protective immunity against West Nile Virus infection in BALB/c mice when combined with West Nile Virus envelope domain III (EDIII) protein in a nasal vaccine. We found that three of the five mast cell activators, ST101036, ST048871, and R529877, evoked high levels of EDIII-specific antibody and conferred comparable levels of protection against WNV challenge. The level of protection provided by these small molecule mast cell activators was comparable to the protection evoked by M7 (67%) but markedly higher than the levels seen with mice immunized with EDIII alone (no adjuvant 33%). Thus, novel small molecule mast cell activators identified by high throughput screening are as efficacious as previously described mast cell activators when used as nasal vaccine adjuvants and represent next-generation mast cell activators for evaluation in mucosal vaccine studies.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346
- https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346/pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 14
- References
- 100
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3199617640
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3199617640Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Nasal Immunization With Small Molecule Mast Cell Activators Enhance Immunity to Co-Administered Subunit ImmunogensWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2021Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2021-09-10Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Brandi T. Johnson‐Weaver, Hae Woong Choi, Hang Yang, Joshua A. Granek, Cliburn Chan, Soman N. Abraham, Herman F. StaatsList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346/pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346/pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Mast cell, Adjuvant, Degranulation, Immunogenicity, Immune system, Chemistry, Biology, Immunology, Biochemistry, ReceptorTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
14Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 3, 2024: 3, 2023: 5, 2022: 3Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
100Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3199617640 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346 |
| ids.mag | 3199617640 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34566991 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3199617640 |
| fwci | 1.13543682 |
| mesh[0].qualifier_ui | Q000008 |
| mesh[0].descriptor_ui | D000276 |
| mesh[0].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[0].qualifier_name | administration & dosage |
| mesh[0].descriptor_name | Adjuvants, Immunologic |
| mesh[1].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[1].descriptor_ui | D000281 |
| mesh[1].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[1].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[1].descriptor_name | Administration, Intranasal |
| mesh[2].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_ui | D000818 |
| mesh[2].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[2].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_name | Animals |
| mesh[3].qualifier_ui | Q000187 |
| mesh[3].descriptor_ui | D015550 |
| mesh[3].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[3].qualifier_name | drug effects |
| mesh[3].descriptor_name | Cell Degranulation |
| mesh[4].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_ui | D002460 |
| mesh[4].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[4].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_name | Cell Line |
| mesh[5].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[5].descriptor_ui | D004195 |
| mesh[5].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[5].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[5].descriptor_name | Disease Models, Animal |
| mesh[6].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[6].descriptor_ui | D055808 |
| mesh[6].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[6].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[6].descriptor_name | Drug Discovery |
| mesh[7].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_ui | D005260 |
| mesh[7].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[7].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_name | Female |
| mesh[8].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_ui | D057166 |
| mesh[8].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[8].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_name | High-Throughput Screening Assays |
| mesh[9].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[9].descriptor_ui | D054884 |
| mesh[9].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[9].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[9].descriptor_name | Host-Pathogen Interactions |
| mesh[10].qualifier_ui | Q000187 |
| mesh[10].descriptor_ui | D018928 |
| mesh[10].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[10].qualifier_name | drug effects |
| mesh[10].descriptor_name | Immunity, Mucosal |
| mesh[11].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[11].descriptor_ui | D018928 |
| mesh[11].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[11].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[11].descriptor_name | Immunity, Mucosal |
| mesh[12].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[12].descriptor_ui | D007114 |
| mesh[12].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[12].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[12].descriptor_name | Immunization |
| mesh[13].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[13].descriptor_ui | D000071497 |
| mesh[13].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[13].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[13].descriptor_name | Immunogenicity, Vaccine |
| mesh[14].qualifier_ui | Q000187 |
| mesh[14].descriptor_ui | D008407 |
| mesh[14].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[14].qualifier_name | drug effects |
| mesh[14].descriptor_name | Mast Cells |
| mesh[15].qualifier_ui | Q000276 |
| mesh[15].descriptor_ui | D008407 |
| mesh[15].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[15].qualifier_name | immunology |
| mesh[15].descriptor_name | Mast Cells |
| mesh[16].qualifier_ui | Q000821 |
| mesh[16].descriptor_ui | D008407 |
| mesh[16].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[16].qualifier_name | virology |
| mesh[16].descriptor_name | Mast Cells |
| mesh[17].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[17].descriptor_ui | D008807 |
| mesh[17].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[17].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[17].descriptor_name | Mice, Inbred BALB C |
| mesh[18].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[18].descriptor_ui | D000075082 |
| mesh[18].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[18].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[18].descriptor_name | Proof of Concept Study |
| mesh[19].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[19].descriptor_ui | D014901 |
| mesh[19].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[19].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[19].descriptor_name | West Nile Fever |
| mesh[20].qualifier_ui | Q000276 |
| mesh[20].descriptor_ui | D014901 |
| mesh[20].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[20].qualifier_name | immunology |
| mesh[20].descriptor_name | West Nile Fever |
| mesh[21].qualifier_ui | Q000517 |
| mesh[21].descriptor_ui | D014901 |
| mesh[21].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[21].qualifier_name | prevention & control |
| mesh[21].descriptor_name | West Nile Fever |
| mesh[22].qualifier_ui | Q000821 |
| mesh[22].descriptor_ui | D014901 |
| mesh[22].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[22].qualifier_name | virology |
| mesh[22].descriptor_name | West Nile Fever |
| mesh[23].qualifier_ui | Q000008 |
| mesh[23].descriptor_ui | D053060 |
| mesh[23].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[23].qualifier_name | administration & dosage |
| mesh[23].descriptor_name | West Nile Virus Vaccines |
| mesh[24].qualifier_ui | Q000276 |
| mesh[24].descriptor_ui | D014902 |
| mesh[24].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[24].qualifier_name | immunology |
| mesh[24].descriptor_name | West Nile virus |
| mesh[25].qualifier_ui | Q000472 |
| mesh[25].descriptor_ui | D014902 |
| mesh[25].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[25].qualifier_name | pathogenicity |
| mesh[25].descriptor_name | West Nile virus |
| mesh[26].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[26].descriptor_ui | D051379 |
| mesh[26].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[26].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[26].descriptor_name | Mice |
| mesh[27].qualifier_ui | Q000008 |
| mesh[27].descriptor_ui | D000276 |
| mesh[27].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[27].qualifier_name | administration & dosage |
| mesh[27].descriptor_name | Adjuvants, Immunologic |
| mesh[28].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[28].descriptor_ui | D000281 |
| mesh[28].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[28].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[28].descriptor_name | Administration, Intranasal |
| mesh[29].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[29].descriptor_ui | D000818 |
| mesh[29].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[29].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[29].descriptor_name | Animals |
| mesh[30].qualifier_ui | Q000187 |
| mesh[30].descriptor_ui | D015550 |
| mesh[30].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[30].qualifier_name | drug effects |
| mesh[30].descriptor_name | Cell Degranulation |
| mesh[31].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[31].descriptor_ui | D002460 |
| mesh[31].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[31].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[31].descriptor_name | Cell Line |
| mesh[32].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[32].descriptor_ui | D004195 |
| mesh[32].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[32].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[32].descriptor_name | Disease Models, Animal |
| mesh[33].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[33].descriptor_ui | D055808 |
| mesh[33].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[33].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[33].descriptor_name | Drug Discovery |
| mesh[34].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[34].descriptor_ui | D005260 |
| mesh[34].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[34].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[34].descriptor_name | Female |
| mesh[35].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[35].descriptor_ui | D057166 |
| mesh[35].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[35].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[35].descriptor_name | High-Throughput Screening Assays |
| mesh[36].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[36].descriptor_ui | D054884 |
| mesh[36].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[36].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[36].descriptor_name | Host-Pathogen Interactions |
| mesh[37].qualifier_ui | Q000187 |
| mesh[37].descriptor_ui | D018928 |
| mesh[37].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[37].qualifier_name | drug effects |
| mesh[37].descriptor_name | Immunity, Mucosal |
| mesh[38].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[38].descriptor_ui | D018928 |
| mesh[38].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[38].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[38].descriptor_name | Immunity, Mucosal |
| mesh[39].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[39].descriptor_ui | D007114 |
| mesh[39].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[39].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[39].descriptor_name | Immunization |
| mesh[40].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[40].descriptor_ui | D000071497 |
| mesh[40].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[40].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[40].descriptor_name | Immunogenicity, Vaccine |
| mesh[41].qualifier_ui | Q000187 |
| mesh[41].descriptor_ui | D008407 |
| mesh[41].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[41].qualifier_name | drug effects |
| mesh[41].descriptor_name | Mast Cells |
| mesh[42].qualifier_ui | Q000276 |
| mesh[42].descriptor_ui | D008407 |
| mesh[42].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[42].qualifier_name | immunology |
| mesh[42].descriptor_name | Mast Cells |
| mesh[43].qualifier_ui | Q000821 |
| mesh[43].descriptor_ui | D008407 |
| mesh[43].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[43].qualifier_name | virology |
| mesh[43].descriptor_name | Mast Cells |
| mesh[44].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[44].descriptor_ui | D008807 |
| mesh[44].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[44].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[44].descriptor_name | Mice, Inbred BALB C |
| mesh[45].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[45].descriptor_ui | D000075082 |
| mesh[45].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[45].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[45].descriptor_name | Proof of Concept Study |
| mesh[46].qualifier_ui | Q000235 |
| mesh[46].descriptor_ui | D014901 |
| mesh[46].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[46].qualifier_name | genetics |
| mesh[46].descriptor_name | West Nile Fever |
| mesh[47].qualifier_ui | Q000276 |
| mesh[47].descriptor_ui | D014901 |
| mesh[47].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[47].qualifier_name | immunology |
| mesh[47].descriptor_name | West Nile Fever |
| mesh[48].qualifier_ui | Q000517 |
| mesh[48].descriptor_ui | D014901 |
| mesh[48].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[48].qualifier_name | prevention & control |
| mesh[48].descriptor_name | West Nile Fever |
| mesh[49].qualifier_ui | Q000821 |
| mesh[49].descriptor_ui | D014901 |
| mesh[49].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[49].qualifier_name | virology |
| mesh[49].descriptor_name | West Nile Fever |
| type | article |
| title | Nasal Immunization With Small Molecule Mast Cell Activators Enhance Immunity to Co-Administered Subunit Immunogens |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 12 |
| biblio.last_page | 730346 |
| biblio.first_page | 730346 |
| grants[0].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320337355 |
| grants[0].award_id | |
| grants[0].funder_display_name | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11346 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/24 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Immunology and Microbiology |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998000264167786 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2403 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Immunology |
| topics[0].display_name | Mast cells and histamine |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11135 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[1].score | 0.9908000230789185 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2713 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Epidemiology |
| topics[1].display_name | Virology and Viral Diseases |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11117 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[2].score | 0.9887999892234802 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2736 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Pharmacology |
| topics[2].display_name | Drug-Induced Adverse Reactions |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320337355 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/043z4tv69 |
| funders[0].display_name | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2950 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2950 |
| apc_paid.value | 2950 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2950 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C2779726688 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7316693663597107 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191989 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Mast cell |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2777863537 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7126055359840393 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357896 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Adjuvant |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C49802076 |
| concepts[2].level | 3 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.623989462852478 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251810 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Degranulation |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C2780868878 |
| concepts[3].level | 3 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5436652302742004 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660197 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Immunogenicity |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C8891405 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.46752074360847473 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Immune system |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C185592680 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.43510112166404724 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Chemistry |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[6].level | 0 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.3571662902832031 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C203014093 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.3063182830810547 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Immunology |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C55493867 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.2195023000240326 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Biochemistry |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C170493617 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.1274968981742859 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Receptor |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mast-cell |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7316693663597107 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Mast cell |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/adjuvant |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7126055359840393 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Adjuvant |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/degranulation |
| keywords[2].score | 0.623989462852478 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Degranulation |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/immunogenicity |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5436652302742004 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Immunogenicity |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-system |
| keywords[4].score | 0.46752074360847473 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Immune system |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry |
| keywords[5].score | 0.43510112166404724 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Chemistry |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biology |
| keywords[6].score | 0.3571662902832031 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Biology |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/immunology |
| keywords[7].score | 0.3063182830810547 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Immunology |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biochemistry |
| keywords[8].score | 0.2195023000240326 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Biochemistry |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/receptor |
| keywords[9].score | 0.1274968981742859 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Receptor |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2595292759 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1664-3224 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1664-3224 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Frontiers in Immunology |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320527 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Frontiers Media |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320527 |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346/pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Frontiers in Immunology |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:34566991 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Frontiers in immunology |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34566991 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8461742 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].license | other-oa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | Text |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Front Immunol |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8461742 |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:europepmc.org:7352575 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400806 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | Europe PMC (PubMed Central) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1303153112 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | European Bioinformatics Institute |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1303153112 |
| locations[3].license | other-oa |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | Text |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8461742 |
| locations[4].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:05998126777341faa17cabb27123ca20 |
| locations[4].is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[4].source.issn | |
| locations[4].source.type | repository |
| locations[4].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[4].source.issn_l | |
| locations[4].source.is_core | False |
| locations[4].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[4].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[4].source.host_organization | |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_lineage | |
| locations[4].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[4].pdf_url | |
| locations[4].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[4].raw_type | article |
| locations[4].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[4].is_accepted | False |
| locations[4].is_published | False |
| locations[4].raw_source_name | Frontiers in Immunology, Vol 12 (2021) |
| locations[4].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/05998126777341faa17cabb27123ca20 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5003433008 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7432-5383 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Brandi T. Johnson‐Weaver |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00py81415 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Duke University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Brandi T. Johnson-Weaver |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5015291887 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9372-1875 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Hae Woong Choi |
| authorships[1].countries | US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00py81415 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Duke University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Hae Woong Choi |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5074187011 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6615-2352 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Hang Yang |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00py81415 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Duke University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Hang Yang |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5052742491 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3908-5016 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Joshua A. Granek |
| authorships[3].countries | US |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00py81415 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Duke University |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Josh A. Granek |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5011307478 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5901-6806 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Cliburn Chan |
| authorships[4].countries | US |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00py81415 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Duke University |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Cliburn Chan |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5030259389 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1662-2096 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Soman N. Abraham |
| authorships[5].countries | US |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[5].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00py81415 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Duke University |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Soman N. Abraham |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5047863309 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1039-1087 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Herman F. Staats |
| authorships[6].countries | US |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[6].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[6].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00py81415 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | Duke University |
| authorships[6].author_position | last |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Herman F. Staats |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346/pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Nasal Immunization With Small Molecule Mast Cell Activators Enhance Immunity to Co-Administered Subunit Immunogens |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11346 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/24 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Immunology and Microbiology |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998000264167786 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2403 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Immunology |
| primary_topic.display_name | Mast cells and histamine |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2393152609, https://openalex.org/W2464521541, https://openalex.org/W2978251200, https://openalex.org/W2883400236, https://openalex.org/W1999684327, https://openalex.org/W2045958004, https://openalex.org/W2512190522, https://openalex.org/W1998397846, https://openalex.org/W2071148444, https://openalex.org/W1991211715 |
| cited_by_count | 14 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 3 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 3 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 5 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 3 |
| locations_count | 5 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2595292759 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1664-3224 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1664-3224 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Frontiers in Immunology |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320527 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Frontiers Media |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320527 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346/pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Frontiers in Immunology |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2595292759 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1664-3224 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1664-3224 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Frontiers in Immunology |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320527 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Frontiers Media |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320527 |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346/pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Frontiers in Immunology |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346 |
| publication_date | 2021-09-10 |
| publication_year | 2021 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2092346711, https://openalex.org/W2223932693, https://openalex.org/W2791242949, https://openalex.org/W2034222095, https://openalex.org/W2066409286, https://openalex.org/W2094879836, https://openalex.org/W2995563604, https://openalex.org/W2064464816, https://openalex.org/W1504253693, https://openalex.org/W2133300085, https://openalex.org/W2765999376, https://openalex.org/W2889514755, https://openalex.org/W1965095365, https://openalex.org/W1973179981, https://openalex.org/W1981030618, https://openalex.org/W34640704, https://openalex.org/W2012699338, https://openalex.org/W2002159011, https://openalex.org/W2117898370, https://openalex.org/W2016585353, https://openalex.org/W1493349125, https://openalex.org/W2922356131, https://openalex.org/W3004737058, https://openalex.org/W2922821891, https://openalex.org/W1500036797, https://openalex.org/W2084125051, https://openalex.org/W3122996094, https://openalex.org/W3153418511, https://openalex.org/W3112304822, https://openalex.org/W2056811697, https://openalex.org/W2179575365, https://openalex.org/W2077167936, https://openalex.org/W2432815617, https://openalex.org/W2094100452, https://openalex.org/W2636150609, https://openalex.org/W2169456326, https://openalex.org/W2179438025, https://openalex.org/W2110065044, https://openalex.org/W3030582014, https://openalex.org/W1597624310, https://openalex.org/W2162218963, https://openalex.org/W2165906778, https://openalex.org/W2142657972, https://openalex.org/W2071886635, https://openalex.org/W2912815018, https://openalex.org/W1992007773, https://openalex.org/W2725852597, https://openalex.org/W2792884248, https://openalex.org/W2155416684, https://openalex.org/W2149163258, https://openalex.org/W2055472128, https://openalex.org/W83898219, https://openalex.org/W2168028214, https://openalex.org/W1980827057, https://openalex.org/W1530302667, https://openalex.org/W4313377092, https://openalex.org/W2146724504, https://openalex.org/W2169700027, https://openalex.org/W2584037332, https://openalex.org/W2895741492, https://openalex.org/W2810079407, https://openalex.org/W2030951969, https://openalex.org/W2140138078, https://openalex.org/W2020268160, https://openalex.org/W2110443462, https://openalex.org/W2807227925, https://openalex.org/W2912339503, https://openalex.org/W2024967167, https://openalex.org/W6601436494, https://openalex.org/W2001285947, https://openalex.org/W1998874973, https://openalex.org/W3146645164, https://openalex.org/W796060710, https://openalex.org/W2031399440, https://openalex.org/W2012518985, https://openalex.org/W2980853927, https://openalex.org/W1696638240, https://openalex.org/W1654814305, https://openalex.org/W2790541716, https://openalex.org/W2013887826, https://openalex.org/W1968789597, https://openalex.org/W2081426187, https://openalex.org/W2201227995, https://openalex.org/W2158904597, https://openalex.org/W2072746681, https://openalex.org/W2013150565, https://openalex.org/W2044586709, https://openalex.org/W1483394691, https://openalex.org/W2114203473, https://openalex.org/W2892551532, https://openalex.org/W3014951961, https://openalex.org/W3092450628, https://openalex.org/W3034777343, https://openalex.org/W2765622700, https://openalex.org/W2945441307, https://openalex.org/W2995950143, https://openalex.org/W2109470738, https://openalex.org/W2906512614, https://openalex.org/W3115878294, https://openalex.org/W2996517586 |
| referenced_works_count | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.7 | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 4, 45, 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.M7 | 59, 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.To | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 243, 245, 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 44, 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 33, 198, 211, 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 105, 132, 146, 160, 265 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 7, 138, 168, 181, 188, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 58, 82, 100, 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(no | 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.III | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 11, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.WNV | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 17, 113, 118, 136, 176, 184, 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 3, 23, 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.but | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 73, 88, 120, 131, 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.may | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 34, 169, 208, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(M7) | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Mast | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Nile | 143, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.West | 142, 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cell | 1, 25, 41, 66, 90, 95, 127, 172, 203, 235, 249, 261 |
| abstract_inverted_index.five | 101, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 55, 179, 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mast | 24, 40, 65, 89, 94, 126, 171, 202, 234, 248, 260 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mice | 148, 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.seen | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 27, 50, 69, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vivo | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 98, 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.when | 31, 149, 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 54, 151, 221, 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(67%) | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.33%). | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.48/80 | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.EDIII | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Thus, | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Virus | 144, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.alone | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.class | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.could | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.found | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.level | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nasal | 35, 162, 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.novel | 5, 64, 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.small | 38, 86, 124, 200, 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vitro | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.55,000 | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.BALB/c | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assess | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.domain | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.easily | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evoked | 178, 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.immune | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.levels | 180, 187, 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.purity | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.route. | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(EDIII) | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.C48/80. | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Fifteen | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.against | 141, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mucosal | 8, 74, 266 |
| abstract_inverted_index.protein | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provide | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vaccine | 9, 75, 255, 267 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Compound | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.R529877, | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activity | 30, 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adjuvant | 29, 48, 76, 134, 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.antibody | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cationic | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cellular | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.combined | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compared | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cytokine | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.employed | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.envelope | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identify | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.immunity | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.markedly | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.molecule | 39, 125, 201, 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.peptide, | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provided | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies. | 268 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vaccine. | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(C48/80), | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ST048871, | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ST101036, | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activity, | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activity. | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adjuvants | 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compound, | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compounds | 68, 97, 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conferred | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.described | 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluated | 72, 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.immunized | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.including | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.induction | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infection | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.molecules | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.polymeric | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.represent | 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.screening | 81, 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.selection | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.synthesis | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Mastoparan | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activating | 67, 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activation | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activators | 2, 26, 42, 128, 204, 236, 250, 262 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activities | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adjuvants. | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.challenge. | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparable | 186, 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diversity. | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluation | 264 |
| abstract_inverted_index.functional | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identified | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.previously | 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.production | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.protection | 189, 196, 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.protective | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.throughput | 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activators, | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.alternative | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficacious | 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.synthesized | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.administered | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feasibility, | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cytotoxicity, | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.degranulation | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.down-selected | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.EDIII-specific | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cost-efficient | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high-throughput | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.next-generation | 259 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 98 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 96 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5047863309 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 7 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I170897317 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.6100000143051147 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Good health and well-being |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.73278148 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |