Optimal Design of Beacon Array for Long Baseline Positioning System Used in Manned Deep-Sea Submersibles Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2019
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943617
Ultrashort baseline positioning systems are used to localize manned deep-sea submersibles. A long baseline positioning system is a significant supplement to an ultrashort baseline positioning system and provides more precise positioning. The long baseline beacon array design applied is a primary factor affecting the accuracy of long baseline positioning. However, beacon array designs have mainly been studied in autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Because the characteristics and dive tasks between AUVs and manned deep-sea submersibles are different, the simple beacon array formations used in AUVs cannot be directly used in manned deep-sea submersibles. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to present the optimal design of a beacon array for a long baseline positioning system used in manned deep-sea submersibles. In this paper, based on the characteristics of a manned deep-sea submersible, the seven basic principles used for the optimal design of a long baseline beacon array are presented. First, the dive tasks of a JIAOLONG manned deep-sea submersible are analyzed, including the relationship between the dive survey lines, and the depth and distance of each line. Second, we explore the minimum beacon number to cover the dive site and its vicinity. Third, we adjust the beacon position based on the seven optimal design principles. The beacon array is designed to satisfy manned deep-sea submersible dive requirements during the JIAOLONG Test Applications Voyage 2013. A sea trial demonstrates that the long baseline positioning results are reliable if at least three beacons are not blocked, and the accuracy of the long baseline positioning system is better than that of an ultrashort baseline.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943617
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08848378.pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 11
- References
- 28
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W2975955547
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W2975955547Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943617Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Optimal Design of Beacon Array for Long Baseline Positioning System Used in Manned Deep-Sea SubmersiblesWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2019Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2019-01-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Tongwei Zhang, Guangjie Han, Lei Yan, Baohua Liu, Lei ShuList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943617Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08848378.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08848378.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Baseline (sea), Beacon, Underwater, Positioning system, Computer science, Marine engineering, Sea trial, Remote sensing, Real-time computing, Engineering, Oceanography, Geology, Node (physics), Structural engineeringTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
11Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 2, 2024: 3, 2023: 1, 2021: 2, 2020: 3Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
28Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W2975955547 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943617 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943617 |
| ids.mag | 2975955547 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W2975955547 |
| fwci | 1.10280505 |
| type | article |
| title | Optimal Design of Beacon Array for Long Baseline Positioning System Used in Manned Deep-Sea Submersibles |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G6349500496 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | 61872124 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| awards[1].id | https://openalex.org/G256324158 |
| awards[1].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[1].display_name | |
| awards[1].funder_award_id | 51979041 |
| awards[1].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| awards[2].id | https://openalex.org/G4957114755 |
| awards[2].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[2].display_name | |
| awards[2].funder_award_id | 41976182 |
| awards[2].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| awards[3].id | https://openalex.org/G6870058197 |
| awards[3].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[3].display_name | |
| awards[3].funder_award_id | 61572172 |
| awards[3].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| awards[4].id | https://openalex.org/G4935643357 |
| awards[4].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320335777 |
| awards[4].display_name | |
| awards[4].funder_award_id | 2018YFC0407900 |
| awards[4].funder_display_name | National Key Research and Development Program of China |
| awards[5].id | https://openalex.org/G4653593728 |
| awards[5].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320335675 |
| awards[5].display_name | |
| awards[5].funder_award_id | SKLA201901 |
| awards[5].funder_display_name | State Key Laboratory of Acoustics |
| awards[6].id | https://openalex.org/G1224811005 |
| awards[6].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320326721 |
| awards[6].display_name | |
| awards[6].funder_award_id | QNLM2016ORP0406 |
| awards[6].funder_display_name | Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology |
| awards[7].id | https://openalex.org/G3969311834 |
| awards[7].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[7].display_name | |
| awards[7].funder_award_id | 61873223 |
| awards[7].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| awards[8].id | https://openalex.org/G506656917 |
| awards[8].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320335777 |
| awards[8].display_name | |
| awards[8].funder_award_id | 2017YFC0305700 |
| awards[8].funder_display_name | National Key Research and Development Program of China |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 7 |
| biblio.last_page | 140420 |
| biblio.first_page | 140411 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11192 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 1.0 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2212 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Ocean Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11622 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9926000237464905 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2212 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Ocean Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Maritime Navigation and Safety |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10891 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9887999892234802 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2202 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Aerospace Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Radar Systems and Signal Processing |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/01h0zpd94 |
| funders[0].display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| funders[1].id | https://openalex.org/F4320326721 |
| funders[1].ror | |
| funders[1].display_name | Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology |
| funders[2].id | https://openalex.org/F4320335675 |
| funders[2].ror | |
| funders[2].display_name | State Key Laboratory of Acoustics |
| funders[3].id | https://openalex.org/F4320335777 |
| funders[3].ror | |
| funders[3].display_name | National Key Research and Development Program of China |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1850 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1850 |
| apc_paid.value | 1850 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1850 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C12725497 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8882817029953003 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Baseline (sea) |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C102168758 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7930483818054199 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7321258 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Beacon |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C98083399 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5735107064247131 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Underwater |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C2778603505 |
| concepts[3].level | 3 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.570699155330658 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Positioning system |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[4].level | 0 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.5492952466011047 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C199104240 |
| concepts[5].level | 1 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5062128901481628 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Marine engineering |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C19724227 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4976356327533722 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988181 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Sea trial |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C62649853 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.37719491124153137 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Remote sensing |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C79403827 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.28445854783058167 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Real-time computing |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[9].level | 0 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.21752318739891052 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C111368507 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.18550124764442444 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Oceanography |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C127313418 |
| concepts[11].level | 0 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.18400835990905762 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Geology |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C62611344 |
| concepts[12].level | 2 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.07684361934661865 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Node (physics) |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C66938386 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Structural engineering |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8882817029953003 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Baseline (sea) |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/beacon |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7930483818054199 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Beacon |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5735107064247131 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Underwater |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system |
| keywords[3].score | 0.570699155330658 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Positioning system |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[4].score | 0.5492952466011047 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5062128901481628 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Marine engineering |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-trial |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4976356327533722 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Sea trial |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing |
| keywords[7].score | 0.37719491124153137 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Remote sensing |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing |
| keywords[8].score | 0.28445854783058167 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Real-time computing |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[9].score | 0.21752318739891052 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography |
| keywords[10].score | 0.18550124764442444 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Oceanography |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geology |
| keywords[11].score | 0.18400835990905762 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Geology |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/node |
| keywords[12].score | 0.07684361934661865 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Node (physics) |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1109/access.2019.2943617 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08848378.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943617 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:52ae0dd812134dba89ab51eea1ad41b3 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 140411-140420 (2019) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/52ae0dd812134dba89ab51eea1ad41b3 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5101899839 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5917-0950 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Tongwei Zhang |
| authorships[0].countries | CN |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | National Deep Sea Center, Qingdao, China |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China |
| authorships[0].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Joint Laboratory for Ocean Observation and Detection, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/026sv7t11 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Tongwei Zhang |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Joint Laboratory for Ocean Observation and Detection, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China, Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China, National Deep Sea Center, Qingdao, China |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5070719868 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-7369 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Guangjie Han |
| authorships[1].countries | CN |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210099069 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I119454577 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China |
| authorships[1].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Information and Communication Systems, Hohai University, Changzhou, China |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I19820366 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/034t30j35 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | government |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01wd4xt90 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | Hohai University |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099069 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/00v8rqv75 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210099069 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].display_name | Institute of Acoustics |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I119454577 |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/05td3s095 |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I119454577 |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].display_name | Nanjing Agricultural University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Guangjie Han |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China, Department of Information and Communication Systems, Hohai University, Changzhou, China, State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5045473603 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0965-4636 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Lei Yan |
| authorships[2].countries | CN |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I39333907, https://openalex.org/I4210128819 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210128819 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/033js6g46 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210128819 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Institute of Electrical Engineering |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I39333907 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/02txfnf15 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I39333907 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code | CN |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name | Yanshan University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Lei Yan |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100701006 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3392-9090 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Baohua Liu |
| authorships[3].countries | CN |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | National Deep Sea Center, Qingdao, China |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/026sv7t11 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Baohua Liu |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China, National Deep Sea Center, Qingdao, China |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5007723627 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-9347 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Lei Shu |
| authorships[4].countries | CN, GB |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I119454577 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I51532219 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | School of Engineering, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, U.K. |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I119454577 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05td3s095 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I119454577 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Nanjing Agricultural University |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I51532219 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/03yeq9x20 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I51532219 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].display_name | University of Lincoln |
| authorships[4].author_position | last |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Lei Shu |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China, School of Engineering, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, U.K. |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08848378.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Optimal Design of Beacon Array for Long Baseline Positioning System Used in Manned Deep-Sea Submersibles |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11192 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 1.0 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2212 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Ocean Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2101178385, https://openalex.org/W2323042154, https://openalex.org/W2292541923, https://openalex.org/W2528408466, https://openalex.org/W2019434712, https://openalex.org/W2922858117, https://openalex.org/W2411883853, https://openalex.org/W1988424063, https://openalex.org/W2897499481, https://openalex.org/W155458013 |
| cited_by_count | 11 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 3 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2020 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 3 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2019.2943617 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08848378.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943617 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2019.2943617 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08848378.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943617 |
| publication_date | 2019-01-01 |
| publication_year | 2019 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W1969142081, https://openalex.org/W2218603760, https://openalex.org/W2044833184, https://openalex.org/W2211347087, https://openalex.org/W2936723861, https://openalex.org/W2942226559, https://openalex.org/W2897510551, https://openalex.org/W2753661786, https://openalex.org/W2804252870, https://openalex.org/W2893541821, https://openalex.org/W2066852181, https://openalex.org/W3141574554, https://openalex.org/W2077579830, https://openalex.org/W2803494911, https://openalex.org/W2901653723, https://openalex.org/W3083392300, https://openalex.org/W2920146778, https://openalex.org/W2898773976, https://openalex.org/W2911767265, https://openalex.org/W2078794073, https://openalex.org/W2899465520, https://openalex.org/W2343644403, https://openalex.org/W2789860113, https://openalex.org/W2438196771, https://openalex.org/W2926247598, https://openalex.org/W2891812095, https://openalex.org/W2932660806, https://openalex.org/W2888422333 |
| referenced_works_count | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 11, 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 17, 39, 109, 113, 131, 145, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.To | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 21, 261 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.if | 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 57, 82, 88, 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 16, 38, 100, 211, 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 45, 95, 108, 130, 144, 156, 177, 250, 260 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 127, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 6, 20, 103, 187, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 181, 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 31, 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 26, 65, 70, 172, 175, 192, 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 4, 74, 150, 162, 237, 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 112, 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.our | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sea | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 43, 63, 76, 93, 101, 105, 128, 135, 141, 153, 165, 168, 173, 183, 189, 198, 203, 221, 232, 248, 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.AUVs | 69, 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Test | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.best | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dive | 66, 154, 169, 190, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.each | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.long | 12, 32, 46, 114, 146, 233, 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.site | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 231, 259 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 98, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 5, 81, 87, 118, 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2013. | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.array | 35, 51, 79, 111, 149, 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 126, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.basic | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cover | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.depth | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.least | 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.line. | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.seven | 136, 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tasks | 67, 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three | 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trial | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.First, | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Third, | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Voyage | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adjust | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.beacon | 34, 50, 78, 110, 148, 185, 199, 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.better | 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cannot | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.design | 36, 107, 143, 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.during | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factor | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lines, | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mainly | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.manned | 8, 71, 89, 120, 132, 159, 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper, | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simple | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.survey | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system | 15, 25, 117, 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(AUVs). | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Because | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Second, | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applied | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.beacons | 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 68, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.designs | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explore | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.minimum | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimal | 106, 142, 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.precise | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.primary | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.satisfy | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studied | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.JIAOLONG | 158, 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accuracy | 44, 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.baseline | 1, 13, 23, 33, 47, 115, 147, 234, 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blocked, | 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deep-sea | 9, 72, 90, 121, 133, 160, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.designed | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.directly | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distance | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.localize | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.position | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provides | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reliable | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vehicles | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.affecting | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyzed, | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.baseline. | 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.including | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vicinity. | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Ultrashort | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.autonomous | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different, | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formations | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.knowledge, | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presented. | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.principles | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.supplement | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ultrashort | 22, 262 |
| abstract_inverted_index.underwater | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.positioning | 2, 14, 24, 116, 235, 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.principles. | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significant | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.submersible | 161, 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Applications | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrates | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.positioning. | 30, 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relationship | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.requirements | 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.submersible, | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.submersibles | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.submersibles. | 10, 91, 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characteristics | 64, 129 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8600000143051147 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Life below water |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.77255385 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |