Biosynthesizing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) using food processing by-products offers a practical and efficient method for producing this valuable compound, delivering health benefits, promoting sustainability, and providing economic advantages. Here, we optimized the fermentation conditions for in situ biosynthesis of CLA using Bacillus coagulans IBRC-M 10807, with grapeseed oil by-product providing the linoleic acid precursor, focusing on temperature, pH, incubation time, concentrations of grapeseed oil and ye…