Optoelectronics Interfaces for a VLC System for UHD Audio-Visual Content Transmission in a Passenger Van: HW Design Article Swipe
C. Morales
,
Juan S. Betancourt Perlaza
,
Juan Carlos Torres
,
Iñaki Martínez-Sarriegui
,
José Manuel Sánchez‐Pena
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175829
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175829
This work aims to provide the hardware (HW) design of the optoelectronics interfaces for a visible-light communication (VLC) system that can be employed for several use cases. Potential applications include the transmission of ultra-high-definition (UHD) streaming video through existing reading lamps installed in passenger vans. In this use case, visible light is employed for the downlink, while infrared light is used for the uplink channel, acting as a remote controller. Two primary components -a Light Fidelity (LiFi) router and a USB dongle—were designed and implemented. The ‘LiFi Router’, handling the downlink channel, comprises components such as a visible Light-Emitting Diode (LED) and an infrared receiver. Operating at a supply voltage of 12 V and consuming current at 920 mA, it is compatible with standard voltage buses found in transport vehicles. The ‘USB dongle’, responsible for the uplink, incorporates an infrared LED and a receiver optimized for visible light. The USB dongle works at a supply voltage of 5 V and shows a current consumption of 1.12 A, making it well suited for direct connection to a universal serial bus (USB) port. The bandwidth achieved for the downlink is 11.66 MHz, while the uplink’s bandwidth is 12.27 MHz. A system competent at streaming UHD video with the feature of being single-input multiple-output (SIMO) was successfully implemented via the custom hardware design of the optical transceivers and optoelectronics interfaces. To ensure the system’s correct performance at a distance of 110 cm, the minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNRmin) for both optical links was maintained at 10.74 dB. We conducted a proof-of-concept test of the VLC system in a passenger van and verified its optimal operation, effectively illustrating its performance in a real operating environment. Exemplifying potential implementations possible with the hardware system designed in this work, a bit rate of 15.2 Mbps was reached with On–Off Keying (OOK), and 11.25 Mbps was obtained with Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) obtaining a bit-error rate (BER) of 3.3259 × 10−5 in a passenger van at a distance of 72.5 cm between the LiFi router and the USB dongle. As a final addition, a solar panel was installed on the passenger van’s roof to power the user’s laptop and the USB dongle via a power bank battery. It took 13.4 h to charge the battery, yielding a battery life of 22.3 h. This characteristic renders the user’s side of the system entirely self-powered.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175829
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 2
- References
- 27
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4402374889
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4402374889Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175829Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Optoelectronics Interfaces for a VLC System for UHD Audio-Visual Content Transmission in a Passenger Van: HW DesignWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-09-08Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
C. Morales, Juan S. Betancourt Perlaza, Juan Carlos Torres, Iñaki Martínez-Sarriegui, José Manuel Sánchez‐PenaList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175829Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175829Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
USB, Visible light communication, Computer hardware, Telecommunications link, Bandwidth (computing), Computer science, Electrical engineering, Embedded system, Electronic engineering, Engineering, Telecommunications, Light-emitting diode, Programming language, SoftwareTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
2Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 2Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
27Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4402374889 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175829 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175829 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275741 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4402374889 |
| fwci | 0.73833695 |
| type | article |
| title | Optoelectronics Interfaces for a VLC System for UHD Audio-Visual Content Transmission in a Passenger Van: HW Design |
| biblio.issue | 17 |
| biblio.volume | 24 |
| biblio.last_page | 5829 |
| biblio.first_page | 5829 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10851 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Optical Wireless Communication Technologies |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11429 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9957000017166138 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T12146 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9853000044822693 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Power Line Communications and Noise |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2400 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2598 |
| apc_paid.value | 2400 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2598 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C507366226 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8474533557891846 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42378 |
| concepts[0].display_name | USB |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C160487672 |
| concepts[1].level | 3 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7175193428993225 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Visible light communication |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C9390403 |
| concepts[2].level | 1 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5834409594535828 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Computer hardware |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C138660444 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5419231057167053 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Telecommunications link |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2776257435 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.5072407126426697 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Bandwidth (computing) |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5058224201202393 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C119599485 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.35711419582366943 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C149635348 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.34709304571151733 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Embedded system |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C24326235 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.34419262409210205 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Electronic engineering |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[9].level | 0 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.31743866205215454 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C76155785 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.22640427947044373 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Telecommunications |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C176666156 |
| concepts[11].level | 2 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.2077946960926056 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Light-emitting diode |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C199360897 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Programming language |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C2777904410 |
| concepts[13].level | 2 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Software |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/usb |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8474533557891846 |
| keywords[0].display_name | USB |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7175193428993225 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Visible light communication |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5834409594535828 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Computer hardware |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5419231057167053 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Telecommunications link |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth |
| keywords[4].score | 0.5072407126426697 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Bandwidth (computing) |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5058224201202393 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering |
| keywords[6].score | 0.35711419582366943 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system |
| keywords[7].score | 0.34709304571151733 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Embedded system |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering |
| keywords[8].score | 0.34419262409210205 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Electronic engineering |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[9].score | 0.31743866205215454 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications |
| keywords[10].score | 0.22640427947044373 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Telecommunications |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode |
| keywords[11].score | 0.2077946960926056 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Light-emitting diode |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/s24175829 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S101949793 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1424-8220 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1424-8220 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Sensors |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Sensors |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175829 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:39275741 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275741 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f1f93436566c4f22a25ce1b8589f073c |
| locations[2].is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].license | |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 17, p 5829 (2024) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/f1f93436566c4f22a25ce1b8589f073c |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11397914 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[3].license | other-oa |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | Text |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | Sensors (Basel) |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11397914 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5060343144 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8463-3187 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | C. Morales |
| authorships[0].countries | ES |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I50357001 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | The Photonic Displays and Applications Group (GDAF), Electronic Technology Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Calle Butarque 15, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I50357001 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03ths8210 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I50357001 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Universidad Carlos III de Madrid |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Carlos Iván del Valle Morales |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | The Photonic Displays and Applications Group (GDAF), Electronic Technology Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Calle Butarque 15, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5042389364 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-9888 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Juan S. Betancourt Perlaza |
| authorships[1].countries | ES |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I50357001 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | The Photonic Displays and Applications Group (GDAF), Electronic Technology Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Calle Butarque 15, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I50357001 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03ths8210 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I50357001 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Universidad Carlos III de Madrid |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Juan Sebastián Betancourt Perlaza |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | The Photonic Displays and Applications Group (GDAF), Electronic Technology Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Calle Butarque 15, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5101747433 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9439-9192 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Juan Carlos Torres |
| authorships[2].countries | ES |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I50357001 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | The Photonic Displays and Applications Group (GDAF), Electronic Technology Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Calle Butarque 15, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I50357001 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03ths8210 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I50357001 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Universidad Carlos III de Madrid |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Juan Carlos Torres Zafra |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | The Photonic Displays and Applications Group (GDAF), Electronic Technology Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Calle Butarque 15, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5036043339 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-1407 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Iñaki Martínez-Sarriegui |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de la Castellana 200, 28046 Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Iñaki Martinez-Sarriegui |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de la Castellana 200, 28046 Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5008572355 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5903-5967 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | José Manuel Sánchez‐Pena |
| authorships[4].countries | ES |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I50357001 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | The Photonic Displays and Applications Group (GDAF), Electronic Technology Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Calle Butarque 15, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I50357001 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03ths8210 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I50357001 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Universidad Carlos III de Madrid |
| authorships[4].author_position | last |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | José Manuel Sánchez-Pena |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | The Photonic Displays and Applications Group (GDAF), Electronic Technology Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Calle Butarque 15, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175829 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Optoelectronics Interfaces for a VLC System for UHD Audio-Visual Content Transmission in a Passenger Van: HW Design |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10851 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Optical Wireless Communication Technologies |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2362414640, https://openalex.org/W2365301592, https://openalex.org/W2393343175, https://openalex.org/W2389335423, https://openalex.org/W2352432749, https://openalex.org/W2382791190, https://openalex.org/W2376287178, https://openalex.org/W2370750287, https://openalex.org/W2392886890, https://openalex.org/W2359368668 |
| cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 2 |
| locations_count | 4 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/s24175829 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S101949793 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1424-8220 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1424-8220 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Sensors |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Sensors |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175829 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/s24175829 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S101949793 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1424-8220 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1424-8220 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Sensors |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Sensors |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175829 |
| publication_date | 2024-09-08 |
| publication_year | 2024 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W4313362250, https://openalex.org/W3111501789, https://openalex.org/W4383873195, https://openalex.org/W2151072015, https://openalex.org/W6742286241, https://openalex.org/W3035815762, https://openalex.org/W1532750894, https://openalex.org/W2948181139, https://openalex.org/W2997760516, https://openalex.org/W6840905255, https://openalex.org/W3189358972, https://openalex.org/W4379384998, https://openalex.org/W3075943981, https://openalex.org/W3214773809, https://openalex.org/W4324031649, https://openalex.org/W4313887741, https://openalex.org/W4313059580, https://openalex.org/W4206605323, https://openalex.org/W3120285395, https://openalex.org/W4367309129, https://openalex.org/W2954427138, https://openalex.org/W2900985999, https://openalex.org/W2009676115, https://openalex.org/W2138764145, https://openalex.org/W4360584291, https://openalex.org/W4287162978, https://openalex.org/W2742374421 |
| referenced_works_count | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5 | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.V | 112, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 14, 67, 79, 96, 107, 142, 153, 161, 175, 234, 255, 263, 276, 292, 321, 330, 334, 348, 351, 371, 384 |
| abstract_inverted_index.h | 378 |
| abstract_inverted_index.-a | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.12 | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A, | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.As | 347 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.It | 375 |
| abstract_inverted_index.To | 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 102, 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 66, 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 106, 116, 152, 200, 233, 250, 333 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cm | 338 |
| abstract_inverted_index.h. | 389 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 42, 127, 262, 275, 289, 329 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 51, 59, 120, 187, 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 119, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 9, 32, 110, 156, 164, 207, 220, 236, 258, 295, 325, 336, 387, 396 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 356 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 3, 174, 361, 379 |
| abstract_inverted_index.× | 327 |
| abstract_inverted_index.110 | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.920 | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LED | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 85, 130, 148, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Two | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.UHD | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.USB | 80, 149, 345, 368 |
| abstract_inverted_index.VLC | 260 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 78, 83, 101, 113, 141, 159, 224, 266, 304, 343, 366 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bit | 293 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bus | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cm, | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dB. | 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 13, 23, 53, 61, 134, 145, 171, 184, 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 268, 273 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mA, | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 5, 10, 30, 54, 62, 89, 135, 185, 191, 205, 216, 221, 229, 239, 259, 285, 340, 344, 357, 363, 367, 381, 393, 397 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 25, 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.van | 265, 332 |
| abstract_inverted_index.via | 215, 370 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 212, 248, 298, 307, 354 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(HW) | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.12 | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.13.4 | 377 |
| abstract_inverted_index.15.2 | 296 |
| abstract_inverted_index.22.3 | 388 |
| abstract_inverted_index.72.5 | 337 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LiFi | 341 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MHz, | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MHz. | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Mbps | 297, 306 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 0, 390 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aims | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bank | 373 |
| abstract_inverted_index.both | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.life | 386 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rate | 294, 323 |
| abstract_inverted_index.real | 277 |
| abstract_inverted_index.roof | 360 |
| abstract_inverted_index.side | 395 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.test | 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 46, 290 |
| abstract_inverted_index.took | 376 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 122, 204, 284, 300, 309 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(BER) | 324 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(LED) | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(UHD) | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(USB) | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(VLC) | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.10.74 | 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.11.25 | 305 |
| abstract_inverted_index.11.66 | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.12.27 | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Diode | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Light | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Phase | 311 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Shift | 312 |
| abstract_inverted_index.being | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.buses | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.case, | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.final | 349 |
| abstract_inverted_index.found | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lamps | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.light | 50, 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.links | 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.panel | 353 |
| abstract_inverted_index.port. | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.power | 362, 372 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratio | 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shows | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solar | 352 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 315 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vans. | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.video | 36, 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 56, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work, | 291 |
| abstract_inverted_index.works | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(LiFi) | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(OFDM) | 319 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(OOK), | 303 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(QPSK) | 314 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(SIMO) | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.10−5 | 328 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3.3259 | 326 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Keying | 302, 313 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acting | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cases. | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.charge | 380 |
| abstract_inverted_index.custom | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.design | 8, 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.direct | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dongle | 150, 369 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ensure | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.laptop | 365 |
| abstract_inverted_index.light. | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.making | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.remote | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.router | 77, 342 |
| abstract_inverted_index.serial | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suited | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.supply | 108, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system | 18, 198, 261, 287, 398 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uplink | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.‘USB | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.battery | 385 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 339 |
| abstract_inverted_index.correct | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.current | 115, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dongle. | 346 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feature | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.include | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.minimum | 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optical | 222, 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimal | 269 |
| abstract_inverted_index.primary | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provide | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reached | 299 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reading | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.renders | 392 |
| abstract_inverted_index.several | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.through | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uplink, | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.van’s | 359 |
| abstract_inverted_index.visible | 49, 97, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.voltage | 109, 124, 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.‘LiFi | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(SNRmin) | 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Fidelity | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.On–Off | 301 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieved | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.battery, | 382 |
| abstract_inverted_index.battery. | 374 |
| abstract_inverted_index.channel, | 64, 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.designed | 82, 288 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distance | 235, 335 |
| abstract_inverted_index.downlink | 90, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.employed | 22, 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.entirely | 399 |
| abstract_inverted_index.existing | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.handling | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hardware | 6, 218, 286 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infrared | 57, 103, 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.obtained | 308 |
| abstract_inverted_index.possible | 283 |
| abstract_inverted_index.receiver | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.standard | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.user’s | 364, 394 |
| abstract_inverted_index.verified | 267 |
| abstract_inverted_index.yielding | 383 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Operating | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Potential | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.addition, | 350 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bandwidth | 182, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bit-error | 322 |
| abstract_inverted_index.competent | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprises | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducted | 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consuming | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.downlink, | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.installed | 41, 355 |
| abstract_inverted_index.obtaining | 320 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operating | 278 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimized | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.passenger | 43, 264, 331, 358 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential | 281 |
| abstract_inverted_index.receiver. | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.streaming | 35, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transport | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.universal | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vehicles. | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Orthogonal | 316 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Quadrature | 310 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Router’, | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compatible | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.components | 72, 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.connection | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dongle’, | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interfaces | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maintained | 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operation, | 270 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system’s | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uplink’s | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consumption | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.controller. | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effectively | 271 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implemented | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interfaces. | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performance | 232, 274 |
| abstract_inverted_index.responsible | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Exemplifying | 280 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Multiplexing | 318 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applications | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environment. | 279 |
| abstract_inverted_index.illustrating | 272 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implemented. | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.incorporates | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.single-input | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.successfully | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transceivers | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transmission | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.communication | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dongle—were | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.self-powered. | 400 |
| abstract_inverted_index.visible-light | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Light-Emitting | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characteristic | 391 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implementations | 282 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multiple-output | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optoelectronics | 11, 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.signal-to-noise | 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proof-of-concept | 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Frequency-Division | 317 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ultra-high-definition | 33 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 95 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.6899999976158142 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Affordable and clean energy |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.68619925 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |